{"id":3897,"date":"2023-03-30T18:37:25","date_gmt":"2023-03-30T18:37:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/?p=3897"},"modified":"2023-05-11T19:15:14","modified_gmt":"2023-05-11T19:15:14","slug":"voortplantingsverswakking-van-radiogolwe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/af\/blog\/2023\/03\/30\/ausbreitung-daempfung-von-funkwellen\/","title":{"rendered":"Voortplanting en verswakking van radiogolwe"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Inhoudsopgawe<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/af\/blog\/2023\/03\/30\/ausbreitung-daempfung-von-funkwellen\/#Historie\" >geskiedenis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/af\/blog\/2023\/03\/30\/ausbreitung-daempfung-von-funkwellen\/#Ausbreitung\" >Versprei<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/af\/blog\/2023\/03\/30\/ausbreitung-daempfung-von-funkwellen\/#Dampfung\" >demping<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/af\/blog\/2023\/03\/30\/ausbreitung-daempfung-von-funkwellen\/#Kabel-_Verbinder-_Dampfungsverluste\" >Kabel- \/ konnektor- \/ verswakkingsverliese<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/af\/blog\/2023\/03\/30\/ausbreitung-daempfung-von-funkwellen\/#WLAN_Richtfunkstrecke\" >WLAN \/ mikrogolf skakel<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/af\/blog\/2023\/03\/30\/ausbreitung-daempfung-von-funkwellen\/#Funkfeldstarke\" >Radioveldsterkte<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/af\/blog\/2023\/03\/30\/ausbreitung-daempfung-von-funkwellen\/#Schutzmasnahmen\" >Beskermende maatre\u00ebls<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Leestyd<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 3<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minute<\/span><\/span>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Die onderwerp van Wi-Fi, stralingsblootstelling en afskerming kom telkens weer op. Om die voortplanting en verswakking van radiogolwe te verstaan, help ook met die hantering van radiotegnologie. Daarom vind u hieronder meer gedetailleerde inligting, alhoewel dit eers &#039;n basiese begrip vereis. So, &#039;n bietjie dro\u00eb teorie om mee te begin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Historie\"><\/span>geskiedenis<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1886 was Heinrich Hertz, na wie die meeteenheid vir frekwensie (Hz) vernoem is, die eerste wat eksperimenteel die bestaan van elektromagnetiese (radio) golwe bewys het, wat teoreties voorspel is deur James Clerk Maxwell in 1867.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Op 20 Maart 1900 het Nikola Tesla sy eerste patent vir draadlose energie-oordrag, radiotegnologie, ontvang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Braun en Marconi is ander name wat verband hou met die ontwikkeling van telegrafie, wat, deur gebruik te maak van die elektromagnetiese telegraaf en Morse-alfabet wat in 1837 deur Samuel Finley Breese Morse uitgevind is, boodskappe oor afstande van tot 3 600 km oorgedra het.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ausbreitung\"><\/span>Versprei<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Die voortplanting van elektromagnetiese golwe hang af van die frekwensie, topologiese en atmosferiese toestande.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Die ionosfeerlae (gemiddelde hoogte ongeveer 1 000 km), wat die naby-Aarde troposfeer (17 tot 17 km hoogte) en stratosfeer (8 tot 50 km hoogte) volg, kan radiogolwe weerkaats as gevolg van hul ionisasiegraad, wat afhang van sonaktiwiteit. In uiterste gevalle kan &#039;n sein wat pas uitgestuur is, weer op dieselfde plek ontvang word deur herhaalde refleksies rondom die Aarde (omtrek ongeveer 40 000 km), vertraag deur die reistyd (300 000 km\/s).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Bo ongeveer 60 MHz propageer radiogolwe soortgelyk aan lig. Hulle kan deur hindernisse afgebuig of weerkaats word. Radiogolwe bo 100 MHz word veral toenemend deur weerkaatsings ontwrig. In die ergste geval kan golfkruine en -dalte mekaar uitkanselleer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"D\u00e4mpfung\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dampfung\"><\/span>demping<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Verswakking is die vermindering van &#039;n sein. Verswakking word gemeet in desibel (dB), desibel milliwatt (dBm), of, vir ho\u00ebr kragvlakke, in desibel watt (dBW), in logaritmiese vorm om &#039;n meer realistiese voorstelling van selfs ho\u00ebr vlakke moontlik te maak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dit is belangrik om te onderskei tussen verswakkingswaardes in persentasie en dB, vir klank dB(A), beteken &quot;A&quot; aangepas by die menslike gehoorkurwe (met inagneming van die feit dat ho\u00eb en lae tone waargeneem word asof hulle verskillende vlakke van hardheid by dieselfde volume het).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tipies dui &#039;n desibel &#039;n wins aan, wat beteken dat die waarde positief is. &#039;n Negatiewe teken dui dus verswakking aan.<br>100 dB verwys na 100 000 keer die klankdruk van 0 dB of &#039;n klankdruk van 2 pa (Pascal).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-2\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-2\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">geraas<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">db(A)<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">Afskerming (dB)<\/th><th class=\"column-4\">%<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">sirkelsaag<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">90<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">10<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">90<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Snelweg gedurende die dag<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">80<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">20<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">99<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Hoofstraat gedurende die dag<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">70<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">30<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">99,9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Hoofstraat in die nag<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">60<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">40<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">99,99<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Systraat gedurende die dag<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">50<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">50<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">99,999<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Systraat in die nag<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">40<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">60<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">99,999.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Klok tik<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">30<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">70<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">99,999.99<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">ritselende blare<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">20<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">80<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">99,999.999<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Asemhalingsgeraas<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">10<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">90<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">99,999.999.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-11\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">stilte<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">100<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">99,999.999.99<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-2 from cache -->\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Om &#039;n idee te kry van die dempingsvermo\u00eb van &#039;n materiaal wat deur radiogolwe gepenetreer kan word, vergelyk ons &#039;n gebouplafon &lt;30 cm dik (70%) met &#039;n draadgaas van minder as 1 mm dik (100%) of &#039;n gipsplaat-skeidingsmuur van minder as 10 cm dik (10%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kabel-_Verbinder-_Dampfungsverluste\"><\/span>Kabel- \/ konnektor- \/ verswakkingsverliese<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Wanneer radiogolwe deur kabels, verbindings, koppelings, ens. beweeg, bv. op pad van die radio na die antenna, vind verswakkingsverliese ook plaas. Die tipe en lengte van die antennakabel wat gebruik word, sowel as die verbindings, bepaal die bedrag van die totale verswakkingsverliese.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As &#039;n algemene re\u00ebl mag die som van die verswakkingsverliese nie die antennewins oorskry nie. Die individuele komponente moet dienooreenkomstig gekies word.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Die tipe kabel \u2013 gestrand of solied \u2013 afskerming, mantelkonstruksie, lengte en frekwensie wat gebruik moet word, is ook belangrike kriteria by die keuse van &#039;n antennakabel. Die strukturele toepassing is ook belangrik: halogeenkabels is hittebestand en vlamvertragend, terwyl gleufkabels vir installasie in tonnels gebruik word.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"WLAN_Richtfunkstrecke\"><\/span>WLAN \/ mikrogolf skakel<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Frekwensies van 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz en 6 GHz, sowel as 24 en 60 GHz, is beskikbaar vir Wi-Fi. As jy lang reikwydtes wil h\u00ea, deur mure en plafonne, kies die laagste frekwensies, d.w.s. 2.4 GHz. Dit het &#039;n reikwydte wat rofweg gelykstaande is aan di\u00e9 van &#039;n enkelgesinshuis. Vir duplekse, let daarop dat dit ook voldoende is vir die bure. As jy ho\u00eb datatempo&#039;s oor kort afstande wil h\u00ea, gebruik 5 GHz, aangesien hierdie band skaars vloere of plafonne binnedring. Dieselfde geld vir die 6 GHz-band.<br>24 en 60 GHz, aan die ander kant, laat afstande van 200 tot 1 000 meter toe. Siglyn is hier nodig. Re\u00ebn, mis, sneeuval, ens., kan lei tot deursetverliese, wat gedeeltelik deur tegniese maatre\u00ebls vergoed kan word.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Funkfeldstarke\"><\/span>Radioveldsterkte<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Die radioveldsterkte van elektriese installasies is 1 .. 2 mW, &#039;n mikrogolfverbinding is ongeveer 10 mW, WLAN teen 2.4 GHz 100 mW, teen 5 GHz 200 mW, &#039;n mikrogolf 800 mW en &#039;n selfoon 2 000 mW.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Oor die algemeen is daar perke vir ho\u00ebfrekwensie elektromagnetiese velde, bekend as SAR (Spesifieke Absorpsietempo), wat die kragabsorpsie beskryf wat vir menslike weefsel verdraagsaam is.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Gemiddeld oor die hele menslike liggaam word 0.08 W\/kg gegee, en vir individuele areas, bv. kop (selfoon), word 2 W\/kg gegee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Die selfoon aan die oor plaas reeds die maksimum toelaatbare spanning op die organisme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By sensitiewe mense kan die gevolge van blootstelling aan elektromagnetiese straling bloeddrukdisregulering, depressie, hormonale afwykings, immuunonderdrukking, konsentrasieprobleme, hoofpyn, moegheid, slaapversteurings, duiseligheid, naarheid en rusteloosheid insluit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Schutzmasnahmen\"><\/span>Beskermende maatre\u00ebls<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Kies &#039;n plek vir jou draadlose router so ver as moontlik van jou werkplek af.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gebruik die frekwensieband volgens werklike vereistes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Deaktiveer Wi-Fi wanneer dit nie gebruik word nie. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Enigiemand wat hulself teen eksterne elektromagnetiese straling wil beskerm, kan hul huis in die styl van &#039;n Faraday-hok ontwerp. Hier word panele van dun metaalgaas, koperfoelie, of, indien nodig, aluminiumfoelie onder muurbedekkings\/muurpapier, of selfs spesiale EMC-muurpapier met &#039;n metaalbedekte agterkant, ge\u00efnstalleer. Dit is belangrik dat elke paneel elektriese kontak met die aangrensende paneel het, dat vensterruite ook metaalbedekte is, en dat hierdie laag ook aan die muurafskerming gekoppel is.<br>Die hele installasie moet aan die gebou se ekwipotensiaalbindingstelsel gekoppel wees om behoorlike aarding te verseker.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Op hierdie manier word hierdie kamer beskerm teen eksterne elektromagnetiese invloede; omgekeerd sal die radioverkeer van &#039;n WLAN-router binne hierdie kamer beskerm word teen eksterne afluister.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Die onderwerp van elektrosmog en afskermingstegnologie word hierin bespreek <a href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/af\/elektrosmog\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"4186\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bydrae<\/a> afsonderlik behandel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#fe0000\">Alle werk aan elektriese stelsels moet uitsluitlik deur gekwalifiseerde personeel uitgevoer word!<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Leestyd<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 3<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minute<\/span><\/span>Das Thema WLAN, Strahlungsbelastung, Abschirmung kommt immer wieder auf. Die Ausbreitung und D\u00e4mpfung von Funkwellen zu verstehen, hilft auch den Umgang mit Funktechnik zu handhaben. Deshalb nachfolgend hierzu n\u00e4here Informationen, die jedoch zun\u00e4chst die Schaffung von grundlegendem Verst\u00e4ndnis erfordert. Also, etwas trockene Theorie zu Beginn. Historie Heinrich Hertz, nachdem die Ma\u00dfeinheit f\u00fcr die Frequenz (Hz)&hellip;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/af\/blog\/2023\/03\/30\/ausbreitung-daempfung-von-funkwellen\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Lees Meer \u00bb<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Voortplanting en verswakking van radiogolwe<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[359,1302,345,358,357],"tags":[566,1326,1304,1340,1312,1305,1325,1319,1331,1341,1318,1323,1333,1349,1350,557,1336,1324,1307,1306,1335,1328,1310,1342,1317,1343,1344,1322,1313,1311,1351,1338,1337,1309,1345,1352,514,1330,1339,1327,1346,1329,1334,1347,1332,1320,1303,1316,1314,1308,1315,1101,1348,1321,563],"class_list":["post-3897","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cb-funk-im-wohnmobil","category-funktechnik","category-kommunikation-lte","category-verbindung-zu-wlan-access-points","category-wlan-richtfunk-technik","tag-antenne","tag-antennengewinn","tag-ausbreitung","tag-blutdruckdysregulation","tag-braun","tag-daempfung","tag-daempfungsverluste","tag-daempfungsvermoegen","tag-datenraten","tag-depressionen","tag-dezibel","tag-drahtgewebe","tag-dunst","tag-faraday","tag-faradayscher-kaefig","tag-frequenz","tag-funkfeldstaerke","tag-funkgeraet","tag-funktechnik","tag-funkwellen","tag-grenzwerte","tag-halogenkabel","tag-hertz","tag-immunsupression","tag-ionosphaere","tag-konzentrationsstoerungen","tag-kopfschmerzen","tag-kupplung","tag-marconi","tag-maxwell","tag-metallbedampft","tag-mikrowelle","tag-mobiltelefons","tag-morse","tag-muedigkeit","tag-potenzialausgleich","tag-regen","tag-richtfunkstrecken","tag-sar","tag-schirmung","tag-schlafstoerungen","tag-schlitzkabel","tag-schneefall","tag-schwindel","tag-sichtverbindung","tag-stecker","tag-strahlungsbelastung","tag-stratosphaere","tag-telegrafen","tag-telegrafie","tag-troposphaere","tag-uebelkeit","tag-unruhe","tag-verbinder","tag-wlan"],"modified_by":"Achim Goerner","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3897","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3897"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3897\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3897"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3897"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/af\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3897"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}