{"id":8971,"date":"2025-01-21T10:20:54","date_gmt":"2025-01-21T10:20:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/?p=8971"},"modified":"2025-01-21T15:55:51","modified_gmt":"2025-01-21T15:55:51","slug":"svetova-nabozenstvi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/cs\/blog\/2025\/01\/21\/weltreligionen\/","title":{"rendered":"Sv\u011btov\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_87_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Obsah<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/cs\/blog\/2025\/01\/21\/weltreligionen\/#Islam\" >Isl\u00e1m<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/cs\/blog\/2025\/01\/21\/weltreligionen\/#Hinduismus\" >Hinduismus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/cs\/blog\/2025\/01\/21\/weltreligionen\/#Buddhismus\" >Buddhismus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/cs\/blog\/2025\/01\/21\/weltreligionen\/#Judentum\" >Judaismus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/cs\/blog\/2025\/01\/21\/weltreligionen\/#Sikhismus\" >Sikhismus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/cs\/blog\/2025\/01\/21\/weltreligionen\/#Bahai-Glaube\" >Bah\u00e1'\u00ed v\u00edra<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/cs\/blog\/2025\/01\/21\/weltreligionen\/#Daoismus\" >Taoismus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/cs\/blog\/2025\/01\/21\/weltreligionen\/#Konfuzianismus\" >Konfucianismus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/cs\/blog\/2025\/01\/21\/weltreligionen\/#Shintoismus\" >\u0160intoismus<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Doba \u010dten\u00ed<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 22<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minuty<\/span><\/span>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jsou <em>Isl\u00e1m<\/em>, <em>Hinduismus<\/em>, <em>Buddhismus<\/em>, <em>Judaismus<\/em>, <em>Sikhismus<\/em>, <em>Bah\u00e1'\u00ed v\u00edra<\/em>, <em>Taoismus<\/em>, <em><em>Konfucianismus<\/em><\/em> a <em>\u0160intoismus<\/em>kter\u00e9 jsou stru\u010dn\u011b pops\u00e1ny n\u00ed\u017ee.<br>Krom\u011b k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b vyzn\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 2,3 miliardy lid\u00ed, existuje dev\u011bt dal\u0161\u00edch velk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed (se\u0159azeno sestupn\u011b):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Islam\"><\/span>Isl\u00e1m<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Isl\u00e1m<\/em> m\u00e1 po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1,9 miliardy sleduj\u00edc\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee <em>Isl\u00e1m<\/em> druh\u00e9 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b. V\u011bt\u0161ina <em>Muslimov\u00e9<\/em> \u017eije v Asii, zejm\u00e9na v zem\u00edch jako Indon\u00e9sie, P\u00e1kist\u00e1n, Indie, Banglad\u00e9\u0161, Turecko a \u00cdr\u00e1n. Velk\u00e9 muslimsk\u00e9 komunity \u017eij\u00ed tak\u00e9 v Africe, na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b a v Evrop\u011b, stejn\u011b jako rostouc\u00ed populace v Severn\u00ed Americe a Austr\u00e1lii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Isl\u00e1m<\/em> vych\u00e1z\u00ed z u\u010den\u00ed <em>Prorok Muhammad<\/em> a svat\u00e1 kniha <em>Kor\u00e1n<\/em>. <em>Muslimov\u00e9<\/em> v\u011b\u0159\u00ed v jednoho Boha, <em>All\u00e1h<\/em>a sledujte <em>P\u011bt pil\u00ed\u0159\u016f isl\u00e1mu<\/em>kter\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed praktiky v\u00edry a jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. Dva nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed proudy v <em>Isl\u00e1m<\/em> jsou <em>Sunnit\u00e9<\/em> a <em>\u0160\u00edit\u00e9<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Isl\u00e1m<\/em> je monoteistick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zd\u016fraz\u0148uje v\u00edru v jedin\u00e9ho Boha (All\u00e1ha), proroky, Kor\u00e1n, and\u011bly a posledn\u00ed den. P\u011bt pil\u00ed\u0159\u016f <em>Isl\u00e1m<\/em> tvo\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1klad isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 praxe a zahrnuj\u00ed vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00edry, modlitbu, almu\u017enu, p\u016fst a pou\u0165. . <em>Isl\u00e1m<\/em> p\u0159ikl\u00e1d\u00e1 velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam mor\u00e1lce, etick\u00e9mu chov\u00e1n\u00ed, spole\u010denstv\u00ed v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edch a odpov\u011bdnosti ka\u017ed\u00e9ho jednotlivce p\u0159ed All\u00e1hem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">'1. <strong>V\u00edra v jedin\u00e9ho Boha (All\u00e1ha)<\/strong>Monoteismus (Tawhid): . <em>Isl\u00e1m<\/em> je p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b monoteistick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. V\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed v <em>Isl\u00e1m<\/em> v\u011b\u0159\u00ed v All\u00e1ha jako jedin\u00e9ho Boha. All\u00e1h je stvo\u0159itel vesm\u00edru, v\u0161emohouc\u00ed, v\u0161ev\u011bdouc\u00ed a milosrdn\u00fd. Nem\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9ho partnera ani d\u011bti. V\u00edra v All\u00e1ha je \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm principem <em>Isl\u00e1m<\/em>.<br><strong>Jednota Boha (Tawhid)<\/strong> znamen\u00e1, \u017ee All\u00e1h je jedine\u010dn\u00fd ve sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b, vlastnostech a v\u016fli a \u017ee krom\u011b n\u011bj nelze uct\u00edvat \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 jin\u00e9 bytosti nebo bohy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. <strong>V\u00edra v and\u011bly<\/strong>Muslimov\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159\u00ed v and\u011bly jako bo\u017esk\u00e9 bytosti, kter\u00e9 slou\u017e\u00ed All\u00e1hovi a pln\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 \u00fakoly. Jsou neviditeln\u00ed a nemohou p\u00e1chat h\u0159\u00edchy. Jedn\u00edm z nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch and\u011bl\u016f je D\u017eibril (Gabriel), kter\u00fd zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1val All\u00e1hova zjeven\u00ed prorok\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. <strong>V\u00edra ve svat\u00e1 p\u00edsma<\/strong>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Isl\u00e1m<\/em> uzn\u00e1v\u00e1 n\u011bkolik svat\u00fdch p\u00edsem zjeven\u00fdch All\u00e1hem. Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z nich jsou:<br><strong>Kor\u00e1n<\/strong>Posledn\u00ed a neomyln\u00e9 Bo\u017e\u00ed slovo, kter\u00e9 Mohamed obdr\u017eel po 23 letech prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm and\u011bla Gabriela. Kor\u00e1n je \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou knihou n\u00e1roda. <em>Isl\u00e1m<\/em> a je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za kone\u010dn\u00e9 a dokonal\u00e9 zjeven\u00ed.<br><strong>Taurat<\/strong> (T\u00f3ra), <strong>\u017dalmy (Zabur)<\/strong> a <strong>evangelium (Injil)<\/strong>Tyto knihy byly d\u0159\u00edve zjeveny prorok\u016fm, jako byli Moj\u017e\u00ed\u0161, David a Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161. Kor\u00e1n pova\u017euje tato p\u00edsma za pravdiv\u00e1, ale v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu se zm\u011bnila.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kor\u00e1n je nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zdrojem isl\u00e1msk\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed, pr\u00e1va a mor\u00e1ln\u00edch hodnot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. <strong>V\u00edra v proroky<\/strong>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Isl\u00e1m<\/em> u\u010d\u00ed v\u00ed\u0159e v proroky jako p\u0159edava\u010de bo\u017esk\u00e9ho poselstv\u00ed. Muslimov\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee All\u00e1h v pr\u016fb\u011bhu stalet\u00ed poslal proroky mnoha lidem, aby hl\u00e1sali jeho poselstv\u00ed.<br>Posledn\u00ed a nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed prorok <em>Isl\u00e1m<\/em> je Mohamed, kter\u00fd je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za \"pe\u010de\u0165 prorok\u016f\". Je posledn\u00edm, jeho\u017e prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm bylo sesl\u00e1no posledn\u00ed zjeven\u00ed, Kor\u00e1n. Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00ed proroci v <em>Isl\u00e1m<\/em> Adam, Noe, Abraham, Moj\u017e\u00ed\u0161, David, Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 a mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch.<br>Mohamed je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za dokonal\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka a vzor pro v\u0161echny muslimy. Jeho slova a skutky jsou p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1ny v had\u00edsech, kter\u00e9 jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm zdrojem pro isl\u00e1mskou praxi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5. <strong>V\u00edra v posledn\u00ed den (soudn\u00fd den)<\/strong>Muslimov\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159\u00ed v posledn\u00ed den, kdy se v\u0161ichni lid\u00e9 budou All\u00e1hovi zodpov\u00eddat ze sv\u00fdch \u017eivotn\u00edch skutk\u016f. V tento den bude vesm\u00edr zni\u010den a v\u0161ichni lid\u00e9 budou vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161eni. Ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk bude souzen za sv\u00e9 dobr\u00e9 a \u0161patn\u00e9 skutky a kone\u010dn\u00fd soud rozhodne, zda vstoup\u00ed do r\u00e1je (d\u017eanna), nebo do pekla (d\u017eah\u00e1nnam).<br>V\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed splnili sv\u00e9 povinnosti v\u016f\u010di All\u00e1hovi, najdou v\u011b\u010dnou radost v r\u00e1ji, zat\u00edmco ti, kte\u0159\u00ed sv\u00e9 povinnosti zanedbali, mohou b\u00fdt potrest\u00e1ni peklem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6. <strong>P\u011bt pil\u00ed\u0159\u016f isl\u00e1mu<\/strong>: P\u011bt pil\u00ed\u0159\u016f <em>Isl\u00e1m<\/em> jsou z\u00e1kladn\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 povinnosti, kter\u00e9 by m\u011bl ka\u017ed\u00fd muslim plnit, aby vedl \u017eivot mil\u00fd Bohu. Jsou to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0160ah\u00e1da (vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00edry)<\/strong>Vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed All\u00e1ha jako jedin\u00e9ho Boha a Mohameda jako jeho proroka. Zn\u00ed: \"Nen\u00ed jin\u00e9ho boha ne\u017e All\u00e1h a Mohamed je poslem All\u00e1hov\u00fdm.\" V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se jedn\u00e1 o poselstv\u00ed All\u00e1ha.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sal\u00e1t (modlitba)<\/strong>Muslimov\u00e9 jsou povinni modlit se p\u011btkr\u00e1t denn\u011b (Fad\u017er, Dhuhr, Asr, Maghrib, Isha). Tyto modlitby slou\u017e\u00ed ke spojen\u00ed v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edho s All\u00e1hem a k prosb\u011b o veden\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zak\u00e1t (almu\u017ena)<\/strong>Muslimov\u00e9 by m\u011bli \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f v\u011bnovat na charitu. Zak\u00e1t je povinn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek ve v\u00fd\u0161i 2,5 % ro\u010dn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edjmu na pomoc pot\u0159ebn\u00fdm a podporu soci\u00e1ln\u00ed spravedlnosti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sawm (p\u016fst b\u011bhem ramad\u00e1nu)<\/strong>B\u011bhem m\u011bs\u00edce ramad\u00e1nu jsou muslimov\u00e9 povinni dr\u017eet p\u016fst od v\u00fdchodu do z\u00e1padu slunce. Zdr\u017euj\u00ed se j\u00eddla, pit\u00ed, kou\u0159en\u00ed a sexu\u00e1ln\u00edch aktivit, aby se soust\u0159edili na duchovn\u00ed o\u010distu a sebeovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Had\u017ed\u017e (pou\u0165 do Mekky)<\/strong>Ka\u017ed\u00fd muslim, kter\u00fd je toho finan\u010dn\u011b a fyzicky schopen, by m\u011bl jednou za \u017eivot vykonat pou\u0165 do Mekky. Had\u017ed\u017e je d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed isl\u00e1msk\u00e9 v\u00edry a znamen\u00edm jednoty muslim\u016f na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7. <strong>Pojem Bo\u017e\u00ed v\u016fle (Qadar)<\/strong>Muslimov\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159\u00ed v qadar, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 v\u00edru v bo\u017e\u00ed osud. V\u0161e, co se ve vesm\u00edru d\u011bje, je ur\u010deno v\u016fl\u00ed All\u00e1ha. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 maj\u00ed lid\u00e9 svobodu rozhodovat se a n\u00e9st odpov\u011bdnost za sv\u00e9 \u010diny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">8. <strong>V\u00fdznam komunity (ummy)<\/strong>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Isl\u00e1m<\/em> zd\u016fraz\u0148uje v\u00fdznam spole\u010denstv\u00ed (ummy) v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edch. Muslimov\u00e9 jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed celosv\u011btov\u00e9ho spole\u010denstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 spojuje spole\u010dn\u00e1 v\u00edra v All\u00e1ha a proroka Mohameda. Umma zavazuje v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed k solidarit\u011b, podpo\u0159e a bratrstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">9. <strong>V\u00fdznam mor\u00e1lky a etick\u00fdch hodnot<\/strong>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Isl\u00e1m<\/em> klade d\u016fraz na rozvoj mor\u00e1ln\u00edch a etick\u00fdch hodnot, jako je \u010destnost, spravedlnost, soucit, skromnost a \u00facta k ostatn\u00edm. Muslimov\u00e9 jsou vedeni k tomu, aby \u017eili sv\u016fj \u017eivot v souladu se z\u00e1sadami Kor\u00e1nu a u\u010den\u00edm proroka Mohameda.<br>Je zde tak\u00e9 \u0159ada pravidel t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edch se mezilidsk\u00fdch vztah\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s rodi\u010di, sousedy, sirotky a chud\u00fdmi, a tak\u00e9 d\u016fle\u017eitost odpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a milosrdenstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">10. <strong>D\u017eih\u00e1d (Svat\u00e1 v\u00e1lka)<\/strong>V\u00fdraz d\u017eih\u00e1d doslova znamen\u00e1 \"\u00fasil\u00ed\" nebo \"boj\". Odkazuje na duchovn\u00ed a mor\u00e1ln\u00ed boj v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edho, kter\u00fd se sna\u017e\u00ed st\u00e1t lep\u0161\u00edm \u010dlov\u011bkem a naplnit v\u016fli All\u00e1ha. Tento term\u00edn je \u010dasto \u0161patn\u011b ch\u00e1p\u00e1n a v mnoha souvislostech je spojov\u00e1n s n\u00e1siln\u00fdmi \u010diny. V p\u016fvodn\u00edm kontextu d\u017eih\u00e1d znamen\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm vnit\u0159n\u00ed boj proti h\u0159\u00edchu a snahu o spravedliv\u00fd \u017eivot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hinduismus\"><\/span>Hinduismus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1,2 miliardy lid\u00ed, hlavn\u011b v Indii a Nep\u00e1lu, se v\u011bnuje <em>Hinduismus<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Hinduismus<\/em> je t\u0159et\u00edm nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm na sv\u011bt\u011b. V\u011bt\u0161ina <em>Hinduist\u00e9<\/em> \u017eije v Indii, kde se k tomuto n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed hl\u00e1s\u00ed asi 80 % obyvatel, a tak\u00e9 v Nep\u00e1lu, kde se k tomuto n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed hl\u00e1s\u00ed asi 80 % obyvatel. <em>Hinduismus<\/em> je st\u00e1tn\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm a v Banglad\u00e9\u0161i, Indon\u00e9sii a dal\u0161\u00edch jihoasijsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 hinduistick\u00e9 komunity \u017eij\u00ed tak\u00e9 v z\u00e1padn\u00edch zem\u00edch, zejm\u00e9na v d\u016fsledku migrace, nap\u0159\u00edklad v USA, Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii, Kanad\u011b, na Fid\u017ei a Mauriciu. . <em>Hinduismus<\/em> je jedn\u00edm z nejstar\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b a vyzna\u010duje se rozmanit\u00fdmi praktikami, filozofi\u00ed a tradicemi bez jednotn\u00e9 struktury a posv\u00e1tn\u00e9ho p\u00edsma, jako je tomu v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b <em>K\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed<\/em> nebo <em>Isl\u00e1m<\/em> m\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Hinduismus<\/em> je n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 tradice zalo\u017een\u00e1 na hlubok\u00e9 duchovn\u00ed filozofii, kter\u00e1 zd\u016fraz\u0148uje snahu o osv\u00edcen\u00ed, p\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed utrpen\u00ed a sjednocen\u00ed s bo\u017estv\u00edm. Mezi jej\u00ed hlavn\u00ed p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed p\u0159edstava Brahmanu jako nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho boha, \u00c1tmanu jako nesmrteln\u00e9 du\u0161e, z\u00e1kon\u016f karmy, kolob\u011bhu sams\u00e1ry a c\u00edle osvobozen\u00ed mok\u0161a. Krom\u011b toho hraje v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edch \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed roli cvi\u010den\u00ed j\u00f3gy, meditace a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estev.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. <strong>Monoteismus a polyteismus<\/strong>: V\u00edra v nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bytost (Brahman): . <em>Hinduismus<\/em> v\u011b\u0159\u00ed v jedin\u00fd, nekone\u010dn\u00fd a v\u0161ezahrnuj\u00edc\u00ed bo\u017esk\u00fd princip zvan\u00fd Brahman, kter\u00fd tvo\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1klad vesm\u00edru. Brahman je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za transcendentn\u00ed a imanentn\u00ed, tj. je mimo v\u0161echny formy a z\u00e1rove\u0148 je p\u0159\u00edtomen ve v\u0161em.<br><strong>R\u016fzn\u00e1 bo\u017estva<\/strong>A\u010dkoli je Brahman nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm principem, v praxi je \u010dasto uct\u00edv\u00e1n prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm r\u016fzn\u00fdch bo\u017estev, kter\u00e1 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed aspekty Brahmanu. Tato bo\u017estva, jako je Brahma (stvo\u0159itel), Vi\u0161nu (zachovatel), \u0160iva (ni\u010ditel) a mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch, jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed rozmanitosti v oblasti n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. <em>Hinduismus<\/em>. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 bo\u017estvo m\u00e1 svou vlastn\u00ed historii, aspekty a formy uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. <strong>Atman (nesmrteln\u00e1 du\u0161e)<\/strong>V <em>Hinduismus<\/em> ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za sou\u010d\u00e1st nekone\u010dn\u00e9ho Brahmanu a prav\u00fdm j\u00e1 \u010dlov\u011bka je \u00e1tman, nesmrteln\u00e1 du\u0161e. \u00c1tman je bo\u017esk\u00fd a nepom\u00edjiv\u00fd, nen\u00ed ovlivn\u011bn zrozen\u00edm a smrt\u00ed, ale je zapojen do v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9ho kolob\u011bhu znovuzrozen\u00ed (sams\u00e1ra).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. <strong>Sams\u00e1ra a reinkarnace<\/strong>: <strong>Samsara<\/strong> odkazuje na kolob\u011bh zrozen\u00ed, smrti a znovuzrozen\u00ed. Hinduist\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee du\u0161e se po smrti znovu narod\u00ed v nov\u00e9m t\u011ble. Toto znovuzrozen\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed na karm\u011b, \u010dinech jedince v p\u0159edchoz\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b. Dobr\u00e9 skutky vedou k lep\u0161\u00edmu znovuzrozen\u00ed, zat\u00edmco \u0161patn\u00e9 skutky k hor\u0161\u00edmu \u017eivotu.<br>Kone\u010dn\u00fdm c\u00edlem hinduist\u016f je uniknout z kolob\u011bhu sams\u00e1ry a dos\u00e1hnout m\u00f3k\u0161i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. <strong>Karma a dharma: Karma<\/strong> je z\u00e1kon p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny a n\u00e1sledku. Ten \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010din - a\u0165 u\u017e dobr\u00fd nebo \u0161patn\u00fd - m\u00e1 n\u00e1sledky, kter\u00e9 se projev\u00ed v dal\u0161\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b. Karma ovliv\u0148uje \u017eivot \u010dlov\u011bka a ur\u010duje jeho znovuzrozen\u00ed.<br><strong>Dharma<\/strong> ozna\u010duje etick\u00e9 a mor\u00e1ln\u00ed povinnosti jednotlivce, kter\u00e9 jsou v souladu s vesm\u00edrn\u00fdm \u0159\u00e1dem a spole\u010densk\u00fdmi normami. Dharma je individu\u00e1ln\u00ed a m\u016f\u017ee se li\u0161it v z\u00e1vislosti na v\u011bku, pohlav\u00ed, povol\u00e1n\u00ed a spole\u010densk\u00e9m postaven\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5. <strong>Mok\u0161a (osvobozen\u00ed)<\/strong>: <strong>Moksha<\/strong> je kone\u010dn\u00fdm c\u00edlem <em>Hinduismus<\/em> a znamen\u00e1 osvobozen\u00ed od sams\u00e1ry, kolob\u011bhu znovuzrozov\u00e1n\u00ed a utrpen\u00ed. Mok\u0161a je dosa\u017eena, kdy\u017e si du\u0161e uv\u011bdom\u00ed svou pravou podstatu a spoj\u00ed se s Brahmanem. K tomu doch\u00e1z\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm duchovn\u00ed realizace, oddanosti, meditace a n\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017esk\u00fdch z\u00e1sad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6. <strong>Posv\u00e1tn\u00e1 p\u00edsma hinduismu<\/strong>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Hinduismus<\/em> m\u00e1 mno\u017estv\u00ed svat\u00fdch p\u00edsem. Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z nich jsou:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Vedy<\/strong>: Nejstar\u0161\u00ed a nejposv\u00e1tn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed texty <em>Hinduismus<\/em>kter\u00e9 obsahuj\u00ed liturgick\u00e9 hymny, modlitby a filozofick\u00e9 nauky.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Upani\u0161ady<\/strong>Filozofick\u00e9 spisy, kter\u00e9 poskytuj\u00ed hlub\u0161\u00ed duchovn\u00ed vhled do Brahmanu, \u00c1tmanu a podstaty reality.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bhagavadg\u00edta<\/strong>V\u00fdznamn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1raty, epick\u00e9ho d\u00edla, kter\u00e9 popisuje dialog mezi princem Ard\u017eunou a bohem Kri\u0161nou. Bhagavadg\u00edta se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 t\u00e9maty dharmy, karmy, bhakti (oddanosti) a m\u00f3k\u0161i.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>R\u00e1m\u00e1jana a Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata<\/strong>Dva velk\u00e9 epick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy, kter\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bj\u00ed o R\u00e1movi a Kri\u0161novi a obsahuj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 mor\u00e1ln\u00ed a filozofick\u00e1 ponau\u010den\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7. <strong>J\u00f3ga a meditace<\/strong>J\u00f3ga je duchovn\u00ed praxe zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 na o\u010distu t\u011bla a mysli, z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed kontroly nad vlastn\u00ed mysl\u00ed a duchovn\u00ed realizaci. Existuj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy j\u00f3gy:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Hatha j\u00f3ga<\/strong>: Fyzick\u00e1 cvi\u010den\u00ed na podporu zdrav\u00ed a du\u0161evn\u00ed \u010distoty.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Karma j\u00f3ga<\/strong>Cesta nesobeck\u00e9 slu\u017eby a \u010dinnosti bez p\u0159ipoutanosti k v\u00fdsledku.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bhakti j\u00f3ga<\/strong>Cesta oddanosti a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estv\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>D\u017e\u0148\u00e1na j\u00f3ga<\/strong>: Cesta moudrosti a realizace J\u00e1 a Brahmanu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>R\u00e1d\u017ea j\u00f3ga<\/strong>Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 cesta, kter\u00e1 zahrnuje meditaci a duchovn\u00ed discipl\u00ednu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Meditace je \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed j\u00f3gy a duchovn\u00edho \u017eivota, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed ke zklidn\u011bn\u00ed mysli a pro\u017eitku vy\u0161\u0161\u00edho j\u00e1.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">8. <strong>Kastovn\u00ed syst\u00e9m (varnsk\u00fd syst\u00e9m)<\/strong>Kastovn\u00ed syst\u00e9m, zn\u00e1m\u00fd tak\u00e9 jako syst\u00e9m varn, rozd\u011bluje spole\u010dnost do \u010dty\u0159 hlavn\u00edch kategori\u00ed neboli \"varn\":<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Brahm\u00e1ni<\/strong> (Kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed a u\u010denci)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>K\u0161atrijov\u00e9<\/strong> (V\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edci a vl\u00e1dci)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Vaishyas<\/strong> (Obchodn\u00edci a zem\u011bd\u011blci)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0160\u00fadrov\u00e9<\/strong> (d\u011bln\u00edci a slu\u017eebnictvo)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tato kategorizace v\u0161ak nen\u00ed v modern\u00ed praxi bez diskuse a vedla k soci\u00e1ln\u00ed nespravedlnosti, zejm\u00e9na v podob\u011b diskriminace dalit\u016f (d\u0159\u00edve \"nedotknuteln\u00fdch\").<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">9. <strong>Festivaly a ritu\u00e1ly<\/strong>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Hinduismus<\/em> zahrnuje \u0159adu sv\u00e1tk\u016f a ritu\u00e1l\u016f, kter\u00e9 se slav\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch regionech a komunit\u00e1ch. Mezi nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sv\u00e1tky pat\u0159\u00ed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Diwali<\/strong>Sv\u00e1tek sv\u011btel, kter\u00fd oslavuje v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed sv\u011btla nad tmou a dobra nad zlem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Holi<\/strong>Jarn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek barev, kter\u00fd oslavuje l\u00e1sku mezi Kri\u0161nou a R\u00e1dhou a symbolizuje radost ze \u017eivota.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Navaratri<\/strong>Dev\u00edtidenn\u00ed festival zasv\u011bcen\u00fd bohyni Durze, kter\u00fd oslavuje v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed dobra nad zlem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ritu\u00e1ly a ob\u0159ady jsou \u010dasto d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pro. <em>Hinduismus<\/em>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi \u017eivotn\u00edmi ud\u00e1lostmi jsou p\u00fad\u017ee (uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed) bo\u017estev, uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edk\u016f a sv\u00e1tky spojen\u00e9 s d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdmi \u017eivotn\u00edmi ud\u00e1lostmi, jako je narozen\u00ed, svatba a smrt.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">10. <strong>Rozmanitost a tolerance<\/strong>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Hinduismus<\/em> je zn\u00e1m\u00e1 svou rozmanitost\u00ed tradic, filozofi\u00ed a postup\u016f. Zd\u016fraz\u0148uje toleranci v\u016f\u010di r\u016fzn\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm a podporuje my\u0161lenku, \u017ee existuje mnoho cest k osv\u00edcen\u00ed a pochopen\u00ed bo\u017estv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Buddhismus\"><\/span>Buddhismus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Buddhismus<\/em> p\u0159ipad\u00e1 na p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 520 milion\u016f lid\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed po\u010det <em>Buddhist\u00e9<\/em> \u017eije v Asii, zejm\u00e9na v zem\u00edch jako \u010c\u00edna, Thajsko, Vietnam, Myanmar, Sr\u00ed Lanka, Kambod\u017ea, Japonsko, Korea a Tibet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Buddhismus<\/em> je velmi rozmanit\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se vyzn\u00e1v\u00e1 v r\u016fzn\u00fdch tradic\u00edch. Mezi nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed proudy pat\u0159\u00ed <em>Therav\u00e1dov\u00fd buddhismus<\/em>kter\u00e1 je roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1 zejm\u00e9na v jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii. <em>Mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00fd buddhismus<\/em>kter\u00fd je dominantn\u00ed ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii (v\u010detn\u011b \u010c\u00edny, Japonska a Koreje), a vad\u017eraj\u00e1nov\u00e9 sm\u011bry.<em>Buddhismus<\/em>kter\u00e1 se praktikuje zejm\u00e9na v Tibetu a him\u00e1lajsk\u00fdch oblastech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A\u010dkoli <em>Buddhismus<\/em> je roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1 zejm\u00e9na v Asii, roste v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 po\u010det <em>Buddhistick\u00e9 komunity<\/em> v z\u00e1padn\u00edch zem\u00edch, kter\u00e9 si z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed st\u00e1le v\u00edce p\u0159\u00edznivc\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Buddhismus<\/em> je duchovn\u00ed praxe, kter\u00e1 zd\u016fraz\u0148uje cestu k osv\u00edcen\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm p\u0159ekon\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed utrpen\u00ed a rozv\u00edjen\u00ed moudrosti, soucitu a v\u0161\u00edmavosti. Mezi kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed pochopen\u00ed utrpen\u00ed a jeho p\u0159\u00ed\u010din, praktikov\u00e1n\u00ed u\u0161lechtil\u00e9 osmid\u00edln\u00e9 stezky, koncept pom\u00edjivosti a ne-j\u00e1 a snaha o nirv\u00e1nu - stav osvobozen\u00ed a vnit\u0159n\u00edho klidu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. <strong>\u010cty\u0159i u\u0161lechtil\u00e9 pravdy<\/strong>: \u010cty\u0159i u\u0161lechtil\u00e9 pravdy jsou z\u00e1kladn\u00ed koncepc\u00ed <em>Buddhismus<\/em> a tvo\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1klad cel\u00e9 praxe:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Pravda o utrpen\u00ed (dukkha)<\/strong>\u017divot je neodmysliteln\u011b spojen s utrpen\u00edm a nespokojenost\u00ed, a\u0165 u\u017e se jedn\u00e1 o fyzick\u00e9 nebo psychick\u00e9 utrpen\u00ed. V\u0161e v \u017eivot\u011b je pom\u00edjiv\u00e9 a i p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9 z\u00e1\u017eitky jsou doprov\u00e1zeny utrpen\u00edm, proto\u017ee jsou v kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku pom\u00edjiv\u00e9.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pravda o p\u016fvodu utrpen\u00ed (samud\u00e1ja)<\/strong>Utrpen\u00ed vznik\u00e1 z touhy (tanha), p\u0159ipoutanosti a nev\u011bdomosti. Tyto touhy a p\u0159ipoutanosti vedou k touze a lp\u011bn\u00ed na v\u011bcech, kter\u00e9 nejsou trval\u00e9, co\u017e n\u00e1sledn\u011b zp\u016fsobuje utrpen\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pravda o ust\u00e1n\u00ed utrpen\u00ed (Nirodha)<\/strong>Existuje stav, kdy je utrpen\u00ed p\u0159ekon\u00e1no. T\u00edmto stavem je nirv\u00e1na, kone\u010dn\u00fd konec utrpen\u00ed, kter\u00e9ho se dos\u00e1hne vzd\u00e1n\u00edm se touhy a p\u0159ipoutanosti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pravda o cest\u011b k ukon\u010den\u00ed utrpen\u00ed (Magga)<\/strong>Cestou k ukon\u010den\u00ed utrpen\u00ed je u\u0161lechtil\u00e1 osmid\u00edln\u00e1 stezka, kter\u00e1 zahrnuje \u0159adu etick\u00fdch a praktick\u00fdch discipl\u00edn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. <strong>U\u0161lechtil\u00e1 osmid\u00edln\u00e1 stezka<\/strong>U\u0161lechtil\u00e1 osmid\u00edln\u00e1 stezka je cestou k p\u0159ekon\u00e1n\u00ed utrpen\u00ed a dosa\u017een\u00ed osv\u00edcen\u00ed. Zahrnuje:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Prav\u00fd pohled<\/strong> (Moudrost): Moudrost: Spr\u00e1vn\u00fd vhled do podstaty reality, zejm\u00e9na do \u010dty\u0159 u\u0161lechtil\u00fdch pravd.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Spr\u00e1vn\u00fd z\u00e1m\u011br<\/strong> (moudrost): Moudrost: soucitn\u00fd postoj, nesobeckost a z\u00e1m\u011br p\u0159ekonat utrpen\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Spr\u00e1vn\u00fd projev<\/strong> (etika): Up\u0159\u00edmn\u00e1, vst\u0159\u00edcn\u00e1 a konstruktivn\u00ed komunikace.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 akce<\/strong> (Etika): Etick\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je v souladu s mor\u00e1ln\u00edmi z\u00e1sadami, jako je vyh\u00fdb\u00e1n\u00ed se zab\u00edjen\u00ed, kr\u00e1de\u017e\u00edm a neslu\u0161n\u00e9mu chov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 \u017eivobyt\u00ed<\/strong> (etika): \u017divot, kter\u00fd se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed etick\u00fdmi z\u00e1sadami a neprov\u00e1d\u00ed \u0161kodliv\u00e9 \u010dinnosti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 \u00fasil\u00ed<\/strong> (meditace): Snaha vyhnout se \u0161kodliv\u00fdm my\u0161lenk\u00e1m a rozv\u00edjet pozitivn\u00ed vlastnosti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 v\u0161\u00edmavost<\/strong> (meditace): V\u0161\u00edmavost a uv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed si ka\u017ed\u00e9 \u010dinnosti a okam\u017eiku.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 koncentrace<\/strong> (Meditace): Meditace: medita\u010dn\u00ed praxe, jej\u00edm\u017e c\u00edlem je dos\u00e1hnout stavu vnit\u0159n\u00edho klidu a vhledu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. <strong>Koncept anatt\u00e1 (ne-j\u00e1)<\/strong>V <em>Buddhismus<\/em> existuje pojem anatt\u00e1, \"ne-j\u00e1\" nebo \"ne-j\u00e1\". To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 trval\u00e9, nem\u011bnn\u00e9 \"j\u00e1\" nebo \"j\u00e1stv\u00ed\". V\u0161e, co vn\u00edm\u00e1me jako \"j\u00e1\" - na\u0161e t\u011bla, my\u0161lenky a emoce - je pom\u00edjiv\u00e9 a skl\u00e1d\u00e1 se pouze z proudu plynouc\u00edch zku\u0161enost\u00ed. Lp\u011bn\u00ed na p\u0159edstav\u011b st\u00e1l\u00e9ho \"j\u00e1\" je zdrojem v\u011bt\u0161iny na\u0161eho utrpen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. <strong>Koncept pom\u00edjivosti (ani\u010d\u010da)<\/strong>Anicca znamen\u00e1 \"pom\u00edjivost\". V\u0161e v \u017eivot\u011b je v neust\u00e1l\u00e9m pohybu - nic nez\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nav\u017edy stejn\u00e9. V\u0161e, co existuje, podl\u00e9h\u00e1 neust\u00e1l\u00e9mu procesu zm\u011bn. Toto uv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed vede k pozn\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017ee lp\u011bn\u00ed na v\u011bcech, kter\u00e9 jsou pom\u00edjiv\u00e9, zp\u016fsobuje utrpen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5. <strong>Karma a znovuzrozen\u00ed<\/strong>Karma je z\u00e1kon p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny a n\u00e1sledku. Podle n\u011bj m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010din - a\u0165 u\u017e fyzick\u00fd, verb\u00e1ln\u00ed nebo ment\u00e1ln\u00ed - sv\u00e9 n\u00e1sledky. Dobr\u00e9 \u010diny vedou k pozitivn\u00edm v\u00fdsledk\u016fm, zat\u00edmco \u0161kodliv\u00e9 \u010diny vedou k negativn\u00ed karm\u011b, kter\u00e1 zase m\u016f\u017ee zp\u016fsobit budouc\u00ed utrpen\u00ed.<br>Znovuzrozen\u00ed je dal\u0161\u00edm \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm pojmem <em>Buddhismus<\/em>. Nejde o nesmrtelnou du\u0161i, ale o nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00fd tok karmick\u00fdch energi\u00ed, kter\u00e9 rozhoduj\u00ed o znovuzrozen\u00ed v nov\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b. C\u00edlem je p\u0159ekonat kolob\u011bh znovuzrozen\u00ed (sams\u00e1ru) a dos\u00e1hnout nirv\u00e1ny, stavu osvobozen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6. <strong>Nirv\u00e1na (osv\u00edcen\u00ed)<\/strong>: Nirv\u00e1na je kone\u010dn\u00fdm c\u00edlem \u010dlov\u011bka. <em>Buddhismus<\/em>. Je to stav osv\u00edcen\u00ed, osvobozen\u00ed od sams\u00e1ry (kolob\u011bhu zrozen\u00ed, smrti a znovuzrozen\u00ed) a utrpen\u00ed. Nirv\u00e1na znamen\u00e1 \u00fapln\u00e9 opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159ipoutanosti, touhy a nev\u011bdomosti a dosa\u017een\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00edho klidu a moudrosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7. <strong>Soucit (Karuna) a moudrost (Prad\u017e\u0148a)<\/strong>: Soucit (karuna) je \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed hodnotou v n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed <em>Buddhismus<\/em>. Jde o rozpozn\u00e1n\u00ed utrpen\u00ed druh\u00fdch a pr\u00e1ci pro jejich dobro. Moudrost (prajna) je vhled do prav\u00e9 podstaty skute\u010dnosti, uv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed si pom\u00edjivosti a pr\u00e1zdnoty v\u0161ech v\u011bc\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">8. <strong>Meditace a v\u0161\u00edmavost<\/strong>Meditace je z\u00e1kladn\u00edm cvi\u010den\u00edm v <em>Buddhismus<\/em>. Slou\u017e\u00ed k rozvoji bd\u011blosti, soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed a moudrosti. R\u016fzn\u00e9 medita\u010dn\u00ed praktiky, jako je vipassana (meditace vhledu) a samatha (zklidn\u011bn\u00ed), slou\u017e\u00ed ke zklidn\u011bn\u00ed mysli, zost\u0159en\u00ed v\u011bdom\u00ed a z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed hlub\u0161\u00edho vhledu do prav\u00e9 podstaty v\u011bc\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">9. <strong>P\u011bt Sil (etika)<\/strong>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <strong>P\u011bt Silas\u016f<\/strong> jsou z\u00e1kladn\u00ed etick\u00e1 p\u0159ik\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 by se m\u011bla dodr\u017eovat v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Nezab\u00edjejte<\/strong>\u00dacta ke v\u0161emu \u017eiv\u00e9mu a vyh\u00fdb\u00e1n\u00ed se n\u00e1sil\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nekr\u00e1st<\/strong>Poctivost a \u00facta k majetku ostatn\u00edch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u017d\u00e1dn\u00e9 sexu\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159estupky<\/strong>Respekt a odpov\u011bdnost p\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed vztah\u016f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nel\u017eete<\/strong>: Pravdivost v komunikaci.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 intoxikace<\/strong>Vyhn\u011bte se drog\u00e1m nebo alkoholu, kter\u00e9 zatem\u0148uj\u00ed mysl a naru\u0161uj\u00ed v\u0161\u00edmavost.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Judentum\"><\/span>Judaismus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Judaismus<\/em> zn\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 15 milion\u016f lid\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed <em>\u017didovsk\u00e1 komunita<\/em> \u017eije v Izraeli, kde \u017eije p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 6,9 milionu lid\u00ed. <em>\u017did\u00e9<\/em> n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed druh\u00fd nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pod\u00edl. <em>\u017didovsk\u00e9 obyvatelstvo<\/em> s p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 5,7 milionu obyvatel. Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 <em>\u017didovsk\u00e9 komunity<\/em> existuj\u00ed v zem\u00edch, jako je Francie, Kanada, Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed a Argentina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Judaismus<\/em> je jedn\u00edm z nejstar\u0161\u00edch monoteistick\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b a vych\u00e1z\u00ed z posv\u00e1tn\u00fdch spis\u016f T\u00f3ry. Jedn\u00e1 se o n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed i kulturn\u00ed identitu, kter\u00e1 je pevn\u011b spjata s histori\u00ed a tradicemi <em>\u017did\u00e9<\/em> je p\u0159ipojen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. <strong>Monoteismus<\/strong>: \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed v\u00edra <em>Judaismus<\/em> je monoteismus, v\u00edra v jedin\u00e9ho, v\u0161emocn\u00e9ho, v\u0161ev\u011bdouc\u00edho a neviditeln\u00e9ho Boha. Tento B\u016fh, naz\u00fdvan\u00fd Jahve, je stvo\u0159itelem vesm\u00edru a zdrojem ve\u0161ker\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Je v\u011b\u010dn\u00fd a nem\u011bnn\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. <strong>Smlouva mezi Bohem a izraelsk\u00fdm lidem<\/strong>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Judaismus<\/em> je zalo\u017een na smlouv\u011b mezi Bohem a izraelsk\u00fdm lidem. Tato smlouva byla nejprve uzav\u0159ena s Abrahamem, kter\u00fd je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za otce \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda. Pozd\u011bji byla smlouva obnovena s Moj\u017e\u00ed\u0161em, kdy\u017e vyvedl izraelsk\u00fd lid z otroctv\u00ed v Egypt\u011b a dal mu T\u00f3ru (z\u00e1kon).<br>Smlouva zavazuje \u017eidovsk\u00fd lid k dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed Bo\u017e\u00edch p\u0159ik\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed a B\u016fh na opl\u00e1tku slibuje, \u017ee bude lid chr\u00e1nit a \u017eehnat mu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. <strong>T\u00f3ra a p\u0159ik\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong>: T\u00f3ra je posv\u00e1tn\u00fdm textem <em>Judaismus<\/em> a zahrnuje prvn\u00edch p\u011bt knih Bible (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numeri, Deuteronomium). Obsahuje jak historick\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed, tak z\u00e1kony, kter\u00e9 upravuj\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00fd \u017eivot a n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou praxi.<br>T\u00f3ra obsahuje 613 p\u0159ik\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed (micvot), kter\u00e1 upravuj\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edch. Zahrnuj\u00ed jak n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1, tak mor\u00e1ln\u00ed pravidla a t\u00fdkaj\u00ed se ka\u017edodenn\u00edho \u017eivota, nap\u0159\u00edklad pravidel stravov\u00e1n\u00ed (ko\u0161er), modlitby, \u0161abatu a sv\u00e1tk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. <strong>Koncept dobra a zla<\/strong>V <em>Judaismus<\/em> existuje my\u0161lenka, \u017ee lid\u00e9 jsou obda\u0159eni svobodnou v\u016fl\u00ed, a proto si mohou vybrat mezi dobrem a zlem. Tikkun olam (zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u011bta) je princip, kter\u00fd zd\u016fraz\u0148uje odpov\u011bdnost za kon\u00e1n\u00ed dobra a zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivota, a to jak pro jednotlivce, tak pro spole\u010dnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5. <strong>V\u00fdznam Mesi\u00e1\u0161e<\/strong>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Judaismus<\/em> v\u011b\u0159\u00ed v budouc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edchod Mesi\u00e1\u0161e, spasitele, kter\u00fd p\u0159inese m\u00edr na zemi, p\u0159ivede \u017eidovsk\u00fd n\u00e1rod zp\u011bt do zasl\u00edben\u00e9 zem\u011b a dovede sv\u011bt do doby prosperity a spravedlnosti. Mesi\u00e1\u0161 v\u0161ak je\u0161t\u011b nep\u0159i\u0161el a nen\u00ed pova\u017eov\u00e1n za bo\u017eskou postavu, jako je tomu v k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6. <strong>\u017divot po smrti<\/strong>: N\u00e1zory na posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot se v jednotliv\u00fdch zem\u00edch velmi li\u0161\u00ed. <em>Judaismus<\/em> r\u016fznorod\u00e9. Neexistuje jednotn\u00fd koncept, ale mnoho \u017did\u016f v\u011b\u0159\u00ed v ur\u010ditou formu vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed mrtv\u00fdch a v Posledn\u00ed soud, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m se ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk zodpov\u00edd\u00e1 za sv\u016fj \u017eivot. N\u011bkter\u00e9 \u017eidovsk\u00e9 proudy zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed koncept odm\u011bny a trestu v posmrtn\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b, zat\u00edmco jin\u00e9 se zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e na \u017eivot v p\u0159\u00edtomnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7. <strong>Posv\u00e1tn\u00e1 m\u00edsta a ritu\u00e1ly<\/strong>: Na nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed posv\u00e1tn\u00e1 m\u00edsta v zemi <em>Judaismus<\/em> zahrnuje izraelskou zemi, zejm\u00e9na Jeruzal\u00e9m a Chr\u00e1movou horu, kter\u00e1 je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za m\u00edsto, kde ve starov\u011bku st\u00e1l Chr\u00e1m. Str\u00e1nky <em>Judaismus<\/em> zd\u016fraz\u0148uje v\u00fdznam \u0161abatu (sabatu), t\u00fddenn\u00edho dne odpo\u010dinku, kter\u00fd za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 v p\u00e1tek ve\u010der a kon\u010d\u00ed v sobotu ve\u010der Dal\u0161\u00edmi v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi \u017eidovsk\u00fdmi sv\u00e1tky jsou Pesach (sv\u00e1tek Pesach), Jom Kipur (Den sm\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed), Sukot (Sv\u00e1tek st\u00e1nk\u016f) a \u0160avuot (Sv\u00e1tek t\u00fddn\u016f), kter\u00e9 p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti v \u017eidovsk\u00e9 historii a zahrnuj\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">8. <strong>V\u00edra ve spravedlnost a pr\u00e1vo<\/strong>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Judaismus<\/em> klade velk\u00fd d\u016fraz na spravedlnost, rovnost a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost. Mnoh\u00e1 p\u0159ik\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed zp\u016fsobu, jak\u00fdm by se lid\u00e9 m\u011bli chovat k sob\u011b navz\u00e1jem, nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159ik\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed l\u00e1sky k bli\u017en\u00edmu (Hessed) a povinnost starat se o chud\u00e9 a pot\u0159ebn\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">9. <strong>Etika a mor\u00e1lka<\/strong>: Etick\u00e9 u\u010den\u00ed <em>Judaismus<\/em> kl\u00e1st d\u016fraz na poctivost, spravedlnost, odpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, milosrdenstv\u00ed a \u00factu k \u017eivotu. \u0160alom (m\u00edr) je \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm pojmem, kter\u00fd hraje d\u016fle\u017eitou roli jak v mezilidsk\u00fdch vztaz\u00edch, tak v na\u0161em vztahu k Bohu a sv\u011btu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">10. <strong>\u017didovsk\u00e1 komunita<\/strong>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Judaismus<\/em> p\u0159ikl\u00e1d\u00e1 velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam komunit\u011b (kehilla). \u017didovsk\u00e1 komunita hraje v n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b d\u016fle\u017eitou roli, proto\u017ee spole\u010dn\u00e9 modlitby, sv\u00e1tky a ritu\u00e1ly posiluj\u00ed pouto mezi v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edmi a prov\u00e1zej\u00ed \u017eivot jednotlivc\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">11. <strong>Halacha - \u017eidovsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo<\/strong>Halacha je \u017eidovsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo, kter\u00e9 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z T\u00f3ry, \u00fastn\u00ed tradice (Talmud a Mi\u0161na) a pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch rab\u00ednsk\u00fdch rozhodnut\u00ed. Upravuje nejen n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 zvyky, ale tak\u00e9 ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u017eivot, v\u010detn\u011b stravovac\u00edch n\u00e1vyk\u016f, obl\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed, man\u017eelstv\u00ed, pr\u00e1ce a spole\u010densk\u00e9 odpov\u011bdnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sikhismus\"><\/span>Sikhismus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 30 milion\u016f lid\u00ed na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v Indii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V\u011bt\u0161ina z nich \u017eije v Indii, zejm\u00e9na ve st\u00e1t\u011b <em>Pa\u0148d\u017e\u00e1b<\/em>kter\u00e1 je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za duchovn\u00ed centrum <em>Sikhismus<\/em> plat\u00ed. Str\u00e1nky <em>Sikhismus<\/em> zalo\u017eil v 15. stolet\u00ed <em>Guru Nanak<\/em> a dev\u00edti dal\u0161\u00edch guru\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed ho n\u00e1sledovali, a zd\u016fraz\u0148uje jednotu Boha, rovnost v\u0161ech lid\u00ed a \u017eivot ve slu\u017eb\u011b druh\u00fdm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A\u010dkoli <em>Sikhismus<\/em> p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b v Indii, existuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 <em>Sikhsk\u00e9 komunity<\/em> v zem\u00edch, jako je Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie, Kanada, USA, Malajsie a Austr\u00e1lie, v d\u016fsledku migrace a glob\u00e1ln\u00edho \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Sikhismus<\/em> je monoteistick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 ve sv\u00e9 praxi spojuje v\u00edru, meditaci a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Monoteismus<\/strong>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Sikhismus<\/em> v\u011b\u0159\u00ed v jedin\u00e9ho, ned\u011bliteln\u00e9ho Boha, kter\u00fd je ozna\u010dov\u00e1n jako \"Waheguru\". B\u016fh je stvo\u0159itelem vesm\u00edru, je v\u0161emocn\u00fd, v\u0161ev\u011bdouc\u00ed a v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd. Je mimo \u010das a prostor a je nep\u0159edstaviteln\u00fd, ale poznateln\u00fd prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sv\u00e9ho stvo\u0159en\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Guru Granth Sahib jako \u017eiv\u00fd Guru<\/strong>: Svat\u00e9 p\u00edsmo sikh\u016f, tzv. <strong>Guru Granth Sahib<\/strong>je uct\u00edv\u00e1n jako posledn\u00ed a v\u011b\u010dn\u00fd guru. Po smrti des\u00e1t\u00e9ho gurua, gurua Gobinda Singha, prohl\u00e1sil posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 p\u00edsmo za nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho duchovn\u00edho pr\u016fvodce obsahuj\u00edc\u00edho moudrost a pozn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ech guru\u016f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>V\u00edra v reinkarnaci<\/strong>Sikhov\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159\u00ed v znovuzrozen\u00ed du\u0161e (reinkarnaci) a v to, \u017ee kone\u010dn\u00fdm c\u00edlem je sjednocen\u00ed s Bohem. Du\u0161e proch\u00e1z\u00ed mnoha \u017eivoty na z\u00e1klad\u011b z\u00e1kona karmy - skutk\u016f jedince. Dobr\u00e9 skutky vedou k lep\u0161\u00edmu \u017eivotu, zat\u00edmco \u0161patn\u00e9 skutky vedou k ni\u017e\u0161\u00edmu stavu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cesta ke sjednocen\u00ed s Bohem<\/strong>Sikhov\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed dos\u00e1hnout p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho spojen\u00ed s Bohem prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm oddanosti Bohu, meditace o bo\u017esk\u00e9m jm\u00e9nu (Nam D\u017eapna), spr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed (Dharma) a podpory pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch. Duchovn\u00edm c\u00edlem je vymanit se z kolob\u011bhu reinkarnac\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>V\u00edra v sevu (nezi\u0161tnou slu\u017ebu)<\/strong>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Sikhismus<\/em> p\u0159ikl\u00e1d\u00e1 velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam nezi\u0161tn\u00e9 slu\u017eb\u011b druh\u00fdm (seva). Sikhov\u00e9 by m\u011bli pom\u00e1hat druh\u00fdm lidem, zejm\u00e9na t\u011bm, kte\u0159\u00ed to pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed, bez ohledu na n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo p\u016fvod. Tato z\u00e1sada zd\u016fraz\u0148uje altruismus a spole\u010dn\u00e9 dobro.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rovnost a bratrstv\u00ed<\/strong>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Sikhismus<\/em> hl\u00e1s\u00e1 rovnost v\u0161ech lid\u00ed bez ohledu na jejich rasu, pohlav\u00ed nebo soci\u00e1ln\u00ed postaven\u00ed. V\u0161ichni lid\u00e9 jsou si p\u0159ed Bohem rovni a neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 hierarchick\u00e9 rozd\u00edly. \u017deny a mu\u017ei maj\u00ed stejnou duchovn\u00ed d\u016fstojnost a odpov\u011bdnost.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Odm\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed ritu\u00e1l\u016f a pov\u011br<\/strong>: <em>Sikhismus<\/em> odm\u00edt\u00e1 pr\u00e1zdn\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly a pov\u011bry. Uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed by m\u011blo prob\u00edhat prost\u00fdm a autentick\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, bez vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ritu\u00e1l\u016f nebo magick\u00fdch praktik. V\u00edra by m\u011bla spo\u010d\u00edvat v oddanosti a jedn\u00e1n\u00ed v souladu s bo\u017eskou mor\u00e1lkou a spravedlnost\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>P\u011bt C (p\u011bt symbol\u016f v\u00edry)<\/strong>Sikhov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed se v ur\u010dit\u00e9m okam\u017eiku sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota stali <em>Sikhismus<\/em> P\u011bt symbol\u016f (tzv. \"p\u011bt C\") se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k ozna\u010den\u00ed p\u011bti profes\u00ed:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Kesh<\/strong> (vlasy): Dlouh\u00e9 vlasy, kter\u00e9 jsou symbolem p\u0159ijet\u00ed bo\u017e\u00ed v\u016fle.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kangha<\/strong> (h\u0159eben): H\u0159eben na \u00fapravu vlas\u016f, kter\u00fd symbolizuje \u010distotu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kara<\/strong> (\u017eelezn\u00fd n\u00e1ramek): N\u00e1ramek z oceli, kter\u00fd n\u00e1m p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 na\u0161e v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 spojen\u00ed s Bohem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kachera<\/strong> (Dlouh\u00e9 kalhoty): Od\u011bv, kter\u00fd symbolizuje \u010distotu a sebeovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kirpan<\/strong> (me\u010d): Mal\u00fd me\u010d symbolizuje ochranu pravdy a spravedlnosti a ochotu br\u00e1nit utla\u010dovan\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sikhsk\u00e1 komunita a sangat<\/strong>V\u00edra zd\u016fraz\u0148uje v\u00fdznam spole\u010denstv\u00ed (sangat) a spole\u010dn\u00e9 modlitby. Spole\u010dn\u00e1 bohoslu\u017eba, p\u0159i n\u00ed\u017e se recituje Guru Granth Sahib, je \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u017eivota v\u00edry.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>P\u011bt ctnost\u00ed<\/strong>Sikhov\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed ve sv\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b uskute\u010d\u0148ovat p\u011bt ctnost\u00ed:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Sat (pravda)<\/strong>: Pravda v my\u0161lenk\u00e1ch, slovech a skutc\u00edch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Santokh (poslu\u0161nost a spokojenost)<\/strong>Spokojenost s t\u00edm, co m\u00e1te.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Daya (soucit a milosrdenstv\u00ed)<\/strong>Soucit se v\u0161emi \u017eiv\u00fdmi bytostmi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dhan (prosperita a \u0161t\u011bdrost)<\/strong>D\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a sd\u00edlen\u00ed s ostatn\u00edmi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nimrata (pokora)<\/strong>Skromnost a pokora p\u0159i jedn\u00e1n\u00ed s druh\u00fdmi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bahai-Glaube\"><\/span>Bah\u00e1'\u00ed v\u00edra<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7 milion\u016f lid\u00ed je z\u00e1visl\u00fdch na <em>Bah\u00e1'\u00ed v\u00edra<\/em> na.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Bah\u00e1'\u00ed spole\u010denstv\u00ed<\/em> je jedn\u00edm z nejrychleji rostouc\u00edch sv\u011btov\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a je zastoupeno ve v\u00edce ne\u017e 200 zem\u00edch a oblastech. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed <em>Bah\u00e1'\u00ed spole\u010denstv\u00ed<\/em> se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v zem\u00edch, jako je Indie, \u00cdr\u00e1n a Afrika.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Bah\u00e1'\u00ed v\u00edra<\/em> je monoteistick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v 19. stolet\u00ed zalo\u017eil <em>Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h<\/em> (1817-1892). Zd\u016fraz\u0148uje jednotu lidstva, v\u00edru v jedin\u00e9ho Boha a z\u00e1sady spravedlnosti, m\u00edru a rovnosti. . <em>Bah\u00e1'\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed<\/em> si klade za c\u00edl podporovat duchovn\u00ed a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed rozvoj lidstva a umo\u017enit budov\u00e1n\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00edho spole\u010denstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Monoteismus<\/strong>Bah\u00e1'\u00ed v\u011b\u0159\u00ed v jedin\u00e9ho Boha, kter\u00fd je Stvo\u0159itelem vesm\u00edru a je ve sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b nevyzpytateln\u00fd. B\u016fh se v\u0161ak zjevuje v r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch zjeven\u00edch, kter\u00e1 byla v pr\u016fb\u011bhu d\u011bjin p\u0159ed\u00e1v\u00e1na r\u016fzn\u00fdmi proroky, nap\u0159\u00edklad Abrah\u00e1mem, Moj\u017e\u00ed\u0161em, Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161em, Mohamedem a nakonec Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1hem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jednota lidstva<\/strong>: \u00dast\u0159edn\u00edm principem <em>Bah\u00e1'\u00ed v\u00edra<\/em> je p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee v\u0161ichni lid\u00e9 jsou si rovni bez ohledu na rasu, etnick\u00fd p\u016fvod nebo kulturn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee lidstvo tvo\u0159\u00ed jeden neodd\u011bliteln\u00fd celek.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jednota n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed<\/strong>Bah\u00e1'\u00ed u\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee v\u0161echna hlavn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed poch\u00e1zej\u00ed od t\u00e9ho\u017e Boha a \u017ee rozd\u00edly mezi nimi jsou zp\u016fsobeny pouze odli\u0161n\u00fdm historick\u00fdm a kulturn\u00edm kontextem. Jednotliv\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jsou vn\u00edm\u00e1na jako r\u016fzn\u00e9 kapitoly bo\u017esk\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h jako nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Bo\u017e\u00ed manifest<\/strong>Bah\u00e1'\u00ed v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h je nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00edm Prorokem nebo Manifestem Bo\u017e\u00edm a p\u0159inesl poselstv\u00ed m\u00edru, jednoty a spravedlnosti, kter\u00e9 je aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed pro dne\u0161n\u00ed dobu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Svoboda a odpov\u011bdnost<\/strong>V\u00edra zd\u016fraz\u0148uje v\u00fdznam svobodn\u00e9 volby a smyslu pro osobn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost. Bah\u00e1'\u00ed by m\u011bli aktivn\u011b p\u0159isp\u00edvat k tomu, aby se sv\u011bt stal lep\u0161\u00edm m\u00edstem, a to prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm ctnost\u00ed, jako je pravda, spravedlnost, l\u00e1ska a \u00facta ke v\u0161em lidem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Z\u00e1kaz diskriminace<\/strong>Bah\u00e1'\u00ed odm\u00edtaj\u00ed v\u0161echny formy diskriminace, a\u0165 u\u017e na z\u00e1klad\u011b pohlav\u00ed, rasy, t\u0159\u00eddy, n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed nebo n\u00e1rodnosti. \u017deny a mu\u017ei by m\u011bli m\u00edt stejn\u00e1 pr\u00e1va a podpora rovnosti pohlav\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eitou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed V\u00edry.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sv\u011btov\u00fd m\u00edr a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce<\/strong>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Bah\u00e1'\u00ed v\u00edra<\/em> se zasazuje o sv\u011btov\u00fd m\u00edr, mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ci a vytvo\u0159en\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed spole\u010dnosti zalo\u017een\u00e9 na spravedlnosti a jednot\u011b.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u017divot po smrti<\/strong>Bah\u00e1'\u00ed v\u011b\u0159\u00ed v posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot, v n\u011bm\u017e du\u0161e pokra\u010duje v existenci a je v neust\u00e1l\u00e9m stavu duchovn\u00edho rozvoje. Zku\u0161enosti z tohoto \u017eivota ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed stav du\u0161e v posmrtn\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jednota v\u011bdy a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed<\/strong>Bah\u00e1'\u00ed v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee v\u011bda a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed jsou dva vz\u00e1jemn\u011b se dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed zp\u016fsoby hled\u00e1n\u00ed pravdy. Oba by m\u011bly harmonicky spolupracovat na podpo\u0159e blaha lidstva.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tyto z\u00e1sady lze nal\u00e9zt ve spisech <em>Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h<\/em> a pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Bah\u00e1'\u00ed v\u016fdci. Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Bah\u00e1'\u00ed v\u00edra<\/em> vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 sv\u00e9 n\u00e1sledovn\u00edky, aby aktivn\u011b pracovali na zlep\u0161en\u00ed sv\u011bta a podporovali ducha jednoty, m\u00edru a spolupr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Daoismus\"><\/span>Taoismus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na <em>Taoismus<\/em> (tak\u00e9 <em>Taoismus<\/em> Skupinu tvo\u0159\u00ed 12 milion\u016f lid\u00ed, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v \u010c\u00edn\u011b, ale i po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Taoismus<\/em> je hluboce zako\u0159en\u011bna v tamn\u00ed kultu\u0159e a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch zvyklostech. Je ch\u00e1p\u00e1na jako n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 tradice i jako filozofick\u00fd syst\u00e9m. . <em>Taoismus<\/em> zahrnuje r\u016fzn\u00e9 v\u00edry a praktiky, z nich\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e9 se zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed na ritu\u00e1ly, meditace a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed bo\u017estev, zat\u00edmco jin\u00e9 zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e filozofick\u00e9 aspekty \u017eivota, jak je lze naj\u00edt ve spisech <em>Dao De Jing<\/em> z <em>Laozi<\/em> a u\u010den\u00ed <em>Zhuangzi<\/em> jsou k nalezen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mnoho lid\u00ed v \u010c\u00edn\u011b, na Tchaj-wanu a v dal\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stech v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie, kte\u0159\u00ed praktikuj\u00ed taoismus, jej nemus\u00ed pova\u017eovat za \"n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed\" v z\u00e1padn\u00edm smyslu, ale za sou\u010d\u00e1st sv\u00fdch kulturn\u00edch tradic a duchovn\u00ed praxe. Tak\u00e9 v jin\u00fdch zem\u00edch s \u010d\u00ednskou diasporou existuj\u00ed komunity, kter\u00e9 praktikuj\u00ed taoistick\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly a principy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Konfuzianismus\"><\/span>Konfucianismus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Konfucianismus<\/em> se v\u011bnuje p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 6 ... 7 milion\u016f lid\u00ed, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v \u010c\u00edn\u011b, Ji\u017en\u00ed Koreji, Japonsku, Vietnamu a na Tchaj-wanu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Konfucianismus<\/em> je ch\u00e1p\u00e1na p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jako filozofick\u00e1 a etick\u00e1 tradice. V t\u011bchto zem\u00edch <em>Konfucianismus<\/em> \u010dasto nen\u00ed ani tak n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm v tradi\u010dn\u00edm smyslu, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e zp\u016fsobem \u017eivota a mor\u00e1ln\u00edm syst\u00e9mem, kter\u00fd formuje spole\u010densk\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed, rodinn\u00e9 struktury a vl\u00e1dn\u00ed politiku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">V \u010c\u00edn\u011b, kde je <em>Konfucianismus<\/em> historicky zako\u0159en\u011bn\u00fd, je \u010dasto pova\u017eov\u00e1n za kulturn\u00ed z\u00e1klad, i kdy\u017e ne ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo vyzn\u00e1v\u00e1 konfuci\u00e1nsk\u00e9 hodnoty, se pova\u017euje za \"stoupence\" konfuci\u00e1nsk\u00e9 v\u00edry. <em>Konfucianismus<\/em> v n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9m smyslu. Je proto obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 ur\u010dit p\u0159esn\u00fd po\u010det \"stoupenc\u016f\" n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. <em>Konfucianismus<\/em> proto\u017ee mnoho lid\u00ed za\u010dle\u0148uje Konfuciovo u\u010den\u00ed do sv\u00e9ho ka\u017edodenn\u00edho \u017eivota, ani\u017e by je definovali jako n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Konfucianismus<\/em> je etick\u00e1 a filozofick\u00e1 tradice, kter\u00e1 je siln\u011b zalo\u017eena na podpo\u0159e mor\u00e1ln\u00edho chov\u00e1n\u00ed, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed harmonie a rodinn\u00e9 odpov\u011bdnosti. Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm pojm\u016f humanita (<em>Ren<\/em>), Ritu\u00e1l (<em>Li<\/em>), povinnost pobo\u010dky (<em>Xiao<\/em>) a ide\u00e1l u\u0161lechtil\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka (<em>Junzi<\/em>) <em>Konfucianismus<\/em> pro spravedlivou a dob\u0159e organizovanou spole\u010dnost, v n\u00ed\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u0159eb\u00edr\u00e1 odpov\u011bdnost za blaho spole\u010denstv\u00ed a \u0159\u00e1d vesm\u00edru.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Lidstvo (Ren):<\/strong> Ren je \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm etick\u00fdm konceptem v <em>Konfucianismus<\/em> a \u010dasto se p\u0159ekl\u00e1d\u00e1 jako \"lidskost\" nebo \"soucit\". Znamen\u00e1 praktikov\u00e1n\u00ed nejhlub\u0161\u00ed formy mezilidsk\u00e9 laskavosti a soucitu. Ren znamen\u00e1 schopnost porozum\u011bt pocit\u016fm a pot\u0159eb\u00e1m druh\u00fdch a jednat podle toho. Je to mor\u00e1ln\u00ed j\u00e1dro <em>Konfucianismus<\/em> a t\u00fdk\u00e1 se zp\u016fsobu, jak\u00fdm by lid\u00e9 m\u011bli mezi sebou komunikovat.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ritu\u00e1ly a respekt (Li)<\/strong>: <em>Li <\/em>se t\u00fdk\u00e1 ritu\u00e1l\u016f, ob\u0159ad\u016f a spr\u00e1vn\u00e9ho pln\u011bn\u00ed spole\u010densk\u00fdch norem a povinnost\u00ed. Nejedn\u00e1 se pouze o n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly, ale tak\u00e9 o obecn\u00e9 spole\u010densk\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 podporuje harmonii ve spole\u010dnosti. <em>Li<\/em> zahrnuje \u00factu ke star\u0161\u00edm lidem, p\u0159edk\u016fm a hierarchii v rodin\u011b a spole\u010dnosti. \u00dacta k <em><strong>Li<\/strong>-Standardy <\/em>je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za nezbytn\u00fd pro udr\u017een\u00ed spole\u010densk\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Odpov\u011bdnost a ctnost (Xiao): <\/strong><em>Xiao<\/em> je synovsk\u00e1 povinnost a zd\u016fraz\u0148uje d\u016fle\u017eitost \u00facty a respektu k rodi\u010d\u016fm a p\u0159edk\u016fm. V konfuci\u00e1nsk\u00e9 filozofii je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za nejz\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ctnost. Zahrnuje jak p\u00e9\u010di o rodi\u010de ve st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed, tak up\u0159\u00edmnou vzpom\u00ednku a \u00factu k p\u0159edk\u016fm. Rodina je st\u0159edem spole\u010densk\u00e9ho a mor\u00e1ln\u00edho \u017eivota a vztah k rodi\u010d\u016fm a p\u0159edk\u016fm je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za z\u00e1klad pro budov\u00e1n\u00ed harmonick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rovnov\u00e1ha a harmonie<\/strong>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Konfucianismus<\/em> usiluje o harmonickou spole\u010dnost, v n\u00ed\u017e v\u0161ichni \u010dlenov\u00e9 znaj\u00ed a pln\u00ed sv\u00e9 spole\u010densk\u00e9 povinnosti. Rovnov\u00e1ha a \u0159\u00e1d jsou \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edmi principy, kter\u00e9 by m\u011bly b\u00fdt realizov\u00e1ny jak na osobn\u00ed, tak na spole\u010densk\u00e9 \u00farovni. Harmonie je stav, kdy v\u0161ichni lid\u00e9 pln\u00ed sv\u00e9 povinnosti v r\u00e1mci sv\u00e9 role ve spole\u010dnosti a z\u00e1rove\u0148 je zachov\u00e1na rovnov\u00e1ha mezi osobn\u00ed svobodou a spole\u010densk\u00fdm \u0159\u00e1dem.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0160lechtic (Junzi)<\/strong>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Junzi<\/em> (\"u\u0161lechtil\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk\" nebo \"dobr\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk\") je ide\u00e1lem v literatu\u0159e. <em>Konfucianismus<\/em>. Ozna\u010duje n\u011bkoho, kdo zt\u011bles\u0148uje mor\u00e1ln\u00ed integritu a ctnost na vysok\u00e9 \u00farovni. . <em>Junzi<\/em> se sna\u017e\u00ed b\u00fdt zdrojem mor\u00e1ln\u00ed moudrosti a vlivu a slou\u017e\u00ed jako vzor pro ostatn\u00ed. Nejedn\u00e1 ve vlastn\u00edm z\u00e1jmu, ale v souladu se z\u00e1sadami. <em>Ren<\/em> (lidskost), <em>Li<\/em> (ritu\u00e1l a \u00facta) a <em>Xiao<\/em> (povinnost pobo\u010dky).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed a moudrost<\/strong>Vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed hraje \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed roli v <em>Konfucianismus<\/em>. Z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bdomost\u00ed a snaha o moudrost jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 jak pro podporu vlastn\u00edho mor\u00e1ln\u00edho rozvoje, tak pro vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed lep\u0161\u00ed spole\u010dnosti. Konfucius zd\u016fraz\u0148oval v\u00fdznam vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed jako cesty k sebezdokonalov\u00e1n\u00ed a jako zp\u016fsobu z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed moudrosti a etick\u00fdch z\u00e1sad.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Harmonie mezi nebem a \u010dlov\u011bkem<\/strong>V <em>Konfucianismus<\/em> vztah mezi \u010dlov\u011bkem a nebem (<em>Tian<\/em>) je tematizov\u00e1n. Tian nen\u00ed ch\u00e1p\u00e1n jako b\u016fh, ale jako kosmick\u00e1 s\u00edla nebo princip, kter\u00fd p\u0159edstavuje \u0159\u00e1d a mor\u00e1lku ve vesm\u00edru. \u010clov\u011bk mus\u00ed \u017e\u00edt v souladu s Tianem, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 dodr\u017eovat sv\u00e9 mor\u00e1ln\u00ed povinnosti a spr\u00e1vn\u00fd spole\u010densk\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rovnost a spravedlnost<\/strong>A\u010dkoli <em>Konfucianismus<\/em> Uzn\u00e1v\u00e1 hierarchii a soci\u00e1ln\u00ed role, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 zd\u016fraz\u0148uje v\u00fdznam spravedlnosti a rovnosti ve spole\u010dnosti. Od vl\u00e1dc\u016f se o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee budou pe\u010dovat o blaho sv\u00e9ho lidu a vl\u00e1dnout spravedliv\u00fdm a mor\u00e1ln\u00edm zp\u016fsobem. Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Konfucianismus<\/em> podporuje my\u0161lenku, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u00e1 mo\u017enost mor\u00e1ln\u00edho zlep\u0161en\u00ed bez ohledu na sv\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed postaven\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zlat\u00e1 cesta (Zhongyong)<\/strong>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>Zhongyong<\/em> (\"st\u0159ed\" nebo \"zlat\u00e1 cesta\") popisuje snahu o vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00fd \u017eivot. Jde o vyh\u00fdb\u00e1n\u00ed se extr\u00e9m\u016fm a hled\u00e1n\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed cesty. Tato my\u0161lenka se odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed v p\u0159edstav\u011b, \u017ee lid\u00e9 by m\u011bli ve v\u0161em zachov\u00e1vat um\u00edrn\u011bnost, aby si zachovali vnit\u0159n\u00ed harmonii a vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Shintoismus\"><\/span>\u0160intoismus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na <em>\u0160intoismus<\/em> se hl\u00e1s\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 3 ... 4 miliony lid\u00ed, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v Japonsku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mnoho lid\u00ed v Japonsku praktikuje \u0161intoistick\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly, ani\u017e by se nutn\u011b pova\u017eovali za \"<em>\u0160intoist\u00e9<\/em>\", proto\u017ee <em>\u0160intoismus<\/em> se \u010dasto prol\u00edn\u00e1 s ka\u017edodenn\u00edmi kulturn\u00edmi tradicemi a sv\u00e1tky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A\u010dkoli <em>\u0160intoismus<\/em> P\u0159esto\u017ee japonsk\u00e1 komunita p\u0159eva\u017euje v Japonsku, existuj\u00ed i men\u0161\u00ed komunity a praktikuj\u00edc\u00ed v jin\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech sv\u011bta, zejm\u00e9na v regionech s japonskou diasporou. Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>\u0160intoismus<\/em> nen\u00ed v\u0161ak evangeliza\u010dn\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm, a proto nen\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eno mimo Japonsko.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>\u0160intoismus<\/em> je p\u016fvodn\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm Japonska a zahrnuje celou \u0159adu v\u00edry a praktik, kter\u00e9 se soust\u0159e\u010fuj\u00ed na uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed <em>Kami<\/em> (duchovn\u00ed bytosti nebo bohov\u00e9) a spojen\u00ed s p\u0159\u00edrodou a p\u0159edky. Jedn\u00e1 se o polyteistick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nem\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 pevn\u00e9 dogma ani posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 p\u00edsmo v tradi\u010dn\u00edm smyslu. Zde jsou uvedeny z\u00e1kladn\u00ed v\u00edry <em>\u0160intoismus<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><strong>Kami<\/strong><\/strong>: <em>Kami<\/em> jsou \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edmi duchovn\u00edmi bytostmi v <em>\u0160intoismus<\/em>. Lze je ch\u00e1pat jako bohy, duchy, p\u0159edky nebo p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed s\u00edly, jako jsou hory, \u0159eky, stromy a zv\u00ed\u0159ata. <em>Kami<\/em> p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed bo\u017estv\u00ed a jsou p\u0159\u00edtomny ve v\u0161ech \u017eiv\u00fdch bytostech a p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b. Nejsou nutn\u011b nadp\u0159irozen\u00e9 v klasick\u00e9m smyslu, ale jsou v\u00fdrazem tv\u016fr\u010d\u00ed nebo posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 energie, kter\u00e1 p\u016fsob\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Harmonie s p\u0159\u00edrodou<\/strong>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>\u0160intoismus<\/em> klade velk\u00fd d\u016fraz na soulad s p\u0159\u00edrodou a \u00factu k n\u00ed. V\u011b\u0159\u00ed se, \u017ee lid\u00e9 \u017eij\u00ed v \u00fazk\u00e9m spojen\u00ed s p\u0159\u00edrodou, a uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrody a jej\u00edch prvk\u016f je \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. <em>\u0160intoistick\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly<\/em>. Mnoh\u00e9 \u0161intoistick\u00e9 svatyn\u011b (domy kami) jsou postaveny v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b, nap\u0159\u00edklad v les\u00edch, u \u0159ek nebo na hor\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Purity<\/strong>V <em>\u0160intoismus<\/em> \u010distota je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd pojem. Zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a poskvrn\u011bn\u00ed (fyzick\u00e9 i duchovn\u00ed) se pova\u017euje za naru\u0161en\u00ed vztahu s kami. O\u010distn\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly, jako je myt\u00ed rukou a \u00fast (nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u0159ed vstupem do svatyn\u011b), jsou proto b\u011b\u017enou prax\u00ed. \u010cistota je tak\u00e9 pova\u017eov\u00e1na za zp\u016fsob, jak zachovat sp\u00e1su du\u0161e a \u017e\u00edt v harmonii s kami.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edk\u016f<\/strong>V <em>\u0160intoismus<\/em> je kladen velk\u00fd d\u016fraz na uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edk\u016f. P\u0159edkov\u00e9 jsou uct\u00edv\u00e1ni jako kami, kte\u0159\u00ed chr\u00e1n\u00ed blaho rodiny a dom\u00e1cnosti. Uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edk\u016f je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mnoha ritu\u00e1l\u016f. <em>\u0160intoistick\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly<\/em>zejm\u00e9na v podob\u011b ob\u0159ad\u016f na olt\u00e1\u0159\u00edch a modliteb \u017e\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edch o ochranu a po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edk\u016f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ritu\u00e1ly a festivaly<\/strong>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>\u0160intoismus<\/em> zd\u016fraz\u0148uje v\u00fdznam ritu\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fakon\u016f a sv\u00e1tk\u016f, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed z\u00edskat p\u0159\u00edze\u0148 kami a pos\u00edlit komunitu. Tyto ritu\u00e1ly zahrnuj\u00ed modlitby, ob\u011bti, tance a slavnosti, kter\u00e9 se konaj\u00ed v r\u016fzn\u00fdch ro\u010dn\u00edch obdob\u00edch. Zn\u00e1m\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem je novoro\u010dn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek (Shogatsu), kter\u00fd se slav\u00ed ob\u0159ady v roce. <em>\u0160intoistick\u00e9 svatyn\u011b<\/em> se slav\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u017d\u00e1dn\u00e9 pevn\u00e9 vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00edry<\/strong>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <em>\u0160intoismus<\/em> nem\u00e1 pevn\u00e9 vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00edry ani svat\u00e9 p\u00edsmo, jako je tomu u jin\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. M\u00edsto toho jsou to ritu\u00e1ly, kter\u00e9 charakterizuj\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou praxi, a zku\u0161enosti v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u00edru. <em>\u0160intoismus<\/em> je \u010dasto pova\u017eov\u00e1no za praktick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 klade d\u016fraz na skutky a n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou praxi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kami v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b<\/strong>Kami se vyskytuj\u00ed nejen na n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch m\u00edstech, ale i v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b. <em>\u0160intoistick\u00e9 svatyn\u011b<\/em> existuj\u00ed v\u0161ude v Japonsku a mnoho lid\u00ed se u nich modl\u00ed za ochranu, zdrav\u00ed a \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed. Mnoho dom\u00e1cnost\u00ed m\u00e1 mal\u00fd olt\u00e1\u0159 k uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed kami a konaj\u00ed se zde ritu\u00e1ly p\u0159i d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch \u017eivotn\u00edch ud\u00e1lostech, jako je narozen\u00ed, svatba a smrt.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd koncept vykoupen\u00ed<\/strong>Na rozd\u00edl od mnoha z\u00e1padn\u00edch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed neexistuje v <em>\u0160intoismus<\/em> \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed pojem sp\u00e1sy nebo posmrtn\u00e9ho \u017eivota. M\u00edsto toho se soust\u0159ed\u00ed na \u017eivot v souladu s p\u0159\u00edrodou a \u017eivotem na zemi. <em>Kami<\/em> a dobr\u00fd \u017eivot tady a te\u010f. Dlouhov\u011bkost a dosa\u017een\u00ed \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za odm\u011bnu za respektov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivota. <em>Kami<\/em> a pro \u017eivot v \u010distot\u011b.<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Doba \u010dten\u00ed<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 22<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minuty<\/span><\/span>Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi sv\u011btov\u00fdmi n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edmi jsou isl\u00e1m, hinduismus, buddhismus, judaismus, sikhismus, bah\u00e1'\u00ed v\u00edra, taoismus, konfucianismus a \u0161intoismus, kter\u00e9 jsou stru\u010dn\u011b pops\u00e1ny n\u00ed\u017ee. Krom\u011b k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 2,3 miliardy stoupenc\u016f, existuje dev\u011bt dal\u0161\u00edch velk\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed (se\u0159azeno sestupn\u011b podle po\u010dtu): Isl\u00e1m Isl\u00e1m m\u00e1 na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1,9 miliardy stoupenc\u016f. To z isl\u00e1mu \u010din\u00ed druh\u00e9 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b. Isl\u00e1m je na druh\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b...&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/cs\/blog\/2025\/01\/21\/weltreligionen\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">\u010c\u00edst d\u00e1le \"<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Sv\u011btov\u00e1 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4085],"tags":[4253,4211,4254,4232,4104,4140,4133,4242,4243,4215,4186,1886,4205,4153,4103,4087,4097,1899,4170,4173,4157,4227,4228,1791,4255,4091,4088,4210,4167,4187,4229,4238,4233,4115,1805,4162,1845,4100,4125,1925,4151,4249,4109,4248,4155,4256,4182,4142,4128,1800,4218,4149,4137,4172,4145,4235,4222,1879,4223,4224,4190,4159,4095,4094,4209,4099,1935,4251,1801,4144,4174,4203,4213,4199,4150,4246,4225,4204,4105,4183,1885,1884,1856,4152,1927,4139,1897,4113,1859,4106,4092,4093,4197,4101,4191,4147,4240,4245,4212,4102,4096,4138,4207,4247,4181,4206,4107,4126,4123,4230,4141,4234,4175,4136,4166,4188,4130,1857,4239,4135,4161,4129,4090,4220,4180,4127,4086,4198,4110,4214,4217,4089,4119,4208,4237,4202,4221,4121,4143,4163,1878,4148,4179,4236,4176,4169,4231,4196,4219,4252,4122,4132,4165],"class_list":["post-8971","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-themen-von-lesern-angeregt","tag-abraham","tag-adam","tag-aegypten","tag-ahnen","tag-allah","tag-allahs-wille","tag-almosen","tag-anatta","tag-anicca","tag-anstrengung","tag-arbeiter","tag-arjuna","tag-asien","tag-atman","tag-australien","tag-bahai-glaube","tag-bangladesch","tag-befreiung","tag-bhagavad-gita","tag-bhakti","tag-brahman","tag-brahmane","tag-brahmanen","tag-buddhismus","tag-bund-mose","tag-christentum","tag-daoismus","tag-david","tag-dharma","tag-diener","tag-diwali","tag-dukkha","tag-durga","tag-einheit-gottes","tag-engel","tag-erhalter","tag-erleuchtung","tag-europa","tag-evangelium","tag-fasten","tag-fidschi","tag-frankreich","tag-fuenf-saeulen-des-islam","tag-fuenf-silas","tag-gebet","tag-gebote","tag-gelehrte","tag-gemeinschaft","tag-glaubensbekenntnis","tag-gott","tag-gottheiten","tag-grossbritannien","tag-hajj","tag-hatha","tag-heiliger-krieg","tag-himalaya","tag-hindu","tag-hinduismus","tag-hindus","tag-hingabe","tag-holi","tag-immanent","tag-indien","tag-indonesien","tag-injil","tag-iran","tag-islam","tag-israel","tag-jesus","tag-jihad","tag-jnana","tag-judentum","tag-juengste-tag","tag-kambodscha","tag-kanada","tag-karuna","tag-kasten","tag-konfuzianismus","tag-koran","tag-krieger","tag-krishna","tag-mahabharata","tag-mahayana","tag-mauritius","tag-meditation","tag-mekka","tag-moksha","tag-monotheistisch","tag-mose","tag-muhammad","tag-muslim","tag-muslime","tag-myanmar","tag-naher-osten","tag-navaratri","tag-nepal","tag-nirodha","tag-nirwana","tag-noah","tag-nordamerika","tag-pakistan","tag-pilgerfahrt-nach-mekka","tag-polytheistisch","tag-prajna","tag-priester","tag-prohet","tag-prophet","tag-propheten","tag-psalmen","tag-puja","tag-qadar","tag-radha","tag-raja","tag-ramadan","tag-reinkarnation","tag-rituale","tag-salat","tag-samsara","tag-samudaya","tag-sawm","tag-schoepfer","tag-shahada","tag-shintoismus","tag-shiva","tag-shudras","tag-siegel-der-propheten","tag-sikhismus","tag-sri-lanka","tag-sunniten","tag-tag-des-gerichts","tag-tanszendent","tag-taoismus","tag-taurat","tag-tawhid","tag-theravada","tag-tibet","tag-tod","tag-torah","tag-umma","tag-unsterbliche-seele","tag-upanishaden","tag-usa","tag-vaishyas","tag-vajrayana","tag-varna","tag-veden","tag-verehrung","tag-vietnam","tag-vishnu","tag-volk-israel","tag-zabur","tag-zakat","tag-zerstoerer"],"modified_by":"Achim Goerner","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8971","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8971"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8971\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8971"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8971"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8971"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}