{"id":12784,"date":"2026-02-18T13:51:00","date_gmt":"2026-02-18T13:51:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/?p=12784"},"modified":"2026-02-18T14:26:28","modified_gmt":"2026-02-18T14:26:28","slug":"fotobiomodulation-pbm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/","title":{"rendered":"Fotobiomodulation (PBM)"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_87_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Indholdsfortegnelse<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Einleitung\" >Introduktion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Indikationen_auf_einen_Blick\" >Indikationer p\u00e5 et \u00f8jeblik<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Haut_Wundheilung_Kollagen_660_nm\" >Hud, s\u00e5rheling og kollagen (660 nm)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Ubergreifende_Reviews_Mechanismen\" >Omfattende anmeldelser og mekanismer<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Kollagensynthese_Hautverjungung\" >Kollagensyntese og hudforyngelse<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Klinische_Studien_Wundheilung_JAAD\" >Kliniske unders\u00f8gelser S\u00e5rheling (JAAD)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Muskeln_Sport_Rehabilitation_850_nm\" >Muskler, sport og genoptr\u00e6ning (850 nm)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Skelettmuskelregeneration\" >Regenerering af skeletmuskler<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Meta-Analysen_Sportleistung_Muskelkater\" >Metaanalyser af sportspr\u00e6stationer og muskel\u00f8mhed<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Gehirn_Kognition_Neurologie_810%E2%80%931064_nm\" >Hjerne, kognition og neurologi (810-1.064 nm)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Mechanismen_allgemeine_Wirkungen\" >Mekanismer og generelle effekter<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Alzheimer_Demenz\" >Alzheimers og demens<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#TBI_Entgiftung_1064_nm\" >TBI og afgiftning (1.064 nm)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Schmerzmanagement\" >H\u00e5ndtering af smerter<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Ubergreifende_Reviews\" >Omfattende anmeldelser<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Fibromyalgie\" >Fibromyalgi<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Kniearthrose_Tendinopathie\" >Slidgigt og tendinopati i kn\u00e6et<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Neuropathischer_Schmerz\" >Neuropatisk smerte<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Augenheilkunde_AMD\" >Oftalmologi (AMD)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Altersbedingte_Makuladegeneration\" >Aldersrelateret makuladegeneration<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Onkologie_Mukositis\" >Onkologi og mucositis<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Leitlinien\" >Retningslinjer<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Chemotherapie-induzierte_Mukositis\" >Kemoterapi-induceret mucositis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Kopf-Hals-Karzinome_Strahlentherapie\" >Hoved- og halskr\u00e6ft og str\u00e5lebehandling<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Immunsystem_Entzundung\" >Immunsystem og inflammation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Immunmodulation\" >Immunmodulation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Klinische_Empfehlungen\" >Kliniske anbefalinger<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Allgemeine_Dosierungsregeln_Konsensus\" >Generelle regler for dosering (konsensus)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Evidenzstarke_nach_Bereich\" >Styrken af evidens pr. omr\u00e5de<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Kontakt_zu_PBM-Anwendern_%E2%80%93_Arzte_Kliniken\" >Kontakt med PBM-brugere - l\u00e6ger\/klinikker<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Augenheilkunde_%E2%80%93_Trockene_AMD_Makuladegeneration\" >Oftalmologi - T\u00f8r AMD (makuladegeneration)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Onkologie_%E2%80%93_Orale_Mukositis_Chemo-Strahlentherapiefolge\" >Onkologi - Oral mucositis (konsekvens af kemoterapi\/str\u00e5lebehandling)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Dermatologie_%E2%80%93_Haut_Wundheilung_Akne_Psoriasis\" >Dermatologi - hud, s\u00e5rheling, akne, psoriasis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Zahnmedizin_MKG-Chirurgie\" >Tandpleje \/ k\u00e6bekirurgi<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Neurologie_Psychiatrie_%E2%80%93_Alzheimer_TBI_Depression_fruhe_Phase\" >Neurologi\/psykiatri - Alzheimers, TBI, depression (tidlig fase)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/#Allgemeine_Suchwerkzeuge\" >Generelle s\u00f8gev\u00e6rkt\u00f8jer<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">L\u00e6setid<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 12<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minutter<\/span><\/span>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Omfattende studieoversigt 2023-2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Einleitung\"><\/span>Introduktion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fotobiomodulation (PBM), ogs\u00e5 kendt som lavniveau laserterapi (LLLT), er en ikke-invasiv terapeutisk metode, der bruger lys med specifikke b\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngder til at stimulere biologiske processer i levende v\u00e6v.<br>Den prim\u00e6re mekanisme er absorption af fotoner af mitokondriets fotoacceptor <em>Cytokrom c-oxidase<\/em> (CCO), som er den <em>ATP-syntese<\/em> modulerer reaktive iltarter og udl\u00f8ser en kaskade af cellul\u00e6re regenereringsprocesser.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Det terapeutisk relevante \u201eoptiske vindue\u201c ligger mellem 600 og 1.100 nm. Tre klinisk s\u00e6rligt vigtige b\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngder er:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>660 nm<\/strong><br>Gennemtr\u00e6ngningsdybde 1-10 mm, effektt\u00e6thed 6-50 mW\/cm\u00b2<br>Ideel til hud, s\u00e5rheling og overfladisk v\u00e6v.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>850 nm<\/strong><br>Gennemtr\u00e6ngningsdybde op til 50 mm, effektt\u00e6thed 50-100 mW\/cm\u00b2<br>Velegnet til muskler, led og dybere strukturer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1.050-1.064 nm<\/strong><br>Dyb v\u00e6vspenetration, effektt\u00e6thed 25-285 mW\/cm\u00b2 (transkranielt)<br>Relevant for neurologi, hjerne og oftalmologi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Det grundl\u00e6ggende princip for dosisbestemmelse f\u00f8lger <em>Arndt-Schulz-kurven<\/em> (Hormesis):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>For lidt lys har ingen effekt, den optimale dosis stimulerer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For meget har en h\u00e6mmende eller celleskadende effekt.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dette bifasiske forhold forklarer, hvorfor korrekte effektt\u00e6theder og energit\u00e6theder er afg\u00f8rende for en vellykket behandling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Indikationen_auf_einen_Blick\"><\/span>Indikationer p\u00e5 et \u00f8jeblik<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">F\u00f8lgende tabel opsummerer de parametre, der er brugt i kliniske unders\u00f8gelser (b\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngde, effektt\u00e6thed, energit\u00e6thed, varighed, frekvens) for hvert behandlingsomr\u00e5de. <br>Kilder: Hamblin\/Harvard (<a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8355782\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">PMC8355782<\/a>), <a href=\"https:\/\/waltpbm.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WALT-retningslinjer<\/a>, kliniske fors\u00f8g 2020-2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><td><strong>Indikation<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>B\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngde<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Effektt\u00e6thed<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Energit\u00e6thed<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Varighed \/ session<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Frekvens<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Hud \/ Kollagen<\/td><td>660 nm<\/td><td>6-50 mW\/cm\u00b2<\/td><td>8-16 J\/cm\u00b2<\/td><td>10-21 minutter<\/td><td>2-3\u00d7\/uge<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>S\u00e5rheling<\/td><td>630-660 nm<\/td><td>10-50 mW\/cm\u00b2<\/td><td>4-15 J\/cm\u00b2<\/td><td>7-20 minutter<\/td><td>dagligt - 3\u00d7\/uge<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Regenerering af muskler<\/td><td>808-850 nm<\/td><td>50-100 mW\/cm\u00b2<\/td><td>10-30 J\/cm\u00b2<\/td><td>5-15 minutter<\/td><td>direkte f\u00f8r\/efter sport<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Kronisk smerte<\/td><td>630-905 nm<\/td><td>40-100 mW\/cm\u00b2<\/td><td>4-10 J\/cm\u00b2<\/td><td>10-20 minutter<\/td><td>3\u00d7\/uge, 6-12 uger.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fibromyalgi<\/td><td>630-1.100 nm (hele kroppen)<\/td><td>variabel<\/td><td>1-150 J\/cm\u00b2<\/td><td>15-30 minutter<\/td><td>2-3\u00d7\/uge, 4-6 uger.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Slidgigt i kn\u00e6et<\/td><td>630-850 nm<\/td><td>40-80 mW\/cm\u00b2<\/td><td>4-10 J\/cm\u00b2<\/td><td>10-20 minutter<\/td><td>3\u00d7\/uge<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Hjerne\/kognition<\/td><td>810-1.064 nm (transkraniel)<\/td><td>25-285 mW\/cm\u00b2<\/td><td>20-60 J\/cm\u00b2<\/td><td>10-20 minutter<\/td><td>3\u00d7\/uge<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>AMD \/ \u00d8je<\/td><td>590 + 660 + 850 nm<\/td><td>0,3-15 \u03bcW\/cm\u00b2 (nethinde)<\/td><td>Meget lav<\/td><td>3-10 min \/ session<\/td><td>3\u00d7\/uge til dagligt<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mucositis (onkologi)<\/td><td>630-660 nm<\/td><td>10-25 mW\/cm\u00b2<\/td><td>2-6 J\/cm\u00b2<\/td><td>3-5 min\/punkt<\/td><td>dagligt under behandlingen<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Immunmodulation\/bet\u00e6ndelse<\/td><td>650-950 nm<\/td><td>variabel<\/td><td>1-10 J\/cm\u00b2<\/td><td>5-15 minutter<\/td><td>3\u00d7\/uge<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Effektt\u00e6thed = Bestr\u00e5ling (mW\/cm\u00b2) p\u00e5 v\u00e6vsoverfladen.<\/em><br><em>Energit\u00e6thed = fluens (J\/cm\u00b2) pr. session.<\/em><br><em>AMD: Bestr\u00e5lingsv\u00e6rdierne p\u00e5 nethinden er betydeligt lavere end v\u00e6rdierne p\u00e5 hudoverfladen.<\/em><br><em><strong>Hint<\/strong>Ingen ensartet international standard - v\u00e6rdierne afspejler konsensus fra metaanalyser og WALT-anbefalinger.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Haut_Wundheilung_Kollagen_660_nm\"><\/span>Hud, s\u00e5rheling og kollagen (660 nm)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">R\u00f8dt lys ved 660 nm absorberes s\u00e6rligt effektivt af hudens kromoforer og aktiverer kollagensyntese i fibroblaster via opregulering af COL1A1- og COL3A1-genekspression samt MMP-9 og NO-frigivelse. Penetrationsdybde: 1-10 mm (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis). Det bifasiske dosism\u00f8nster er s\u00e6rligt udtalt i hudv\u00e6v: energit\u00e6theder over 20 J\/cm\u00b2 kan udl\u00f8se oxidativ stress og omvendt kollagenstimulering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Parametre<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>B\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngde 660 nm (ogs\u00e5 630-680 nm)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Effektt\u00e6thed 6-50 mW\/cm\u00b2 (LED: 6-30; laser: 30-50)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Energit\u00e6thed 8-16 J\/cm\u00b2 (optimalt)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Varighed 10-21 min | 3\u00d7 ugentligt<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mindst 8 uger til hudforyngelse; 4 uger til s\u00e5rheling<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ubergreifende_Reviews_Mechanismen\"><\/span>Omfattende anmeldelser og mekanismer<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Fra lys til helbredelse: Fotobiomodulationsterapi i medicinske discipliner<\/strong><br><em>Tidsskrift for translationel medicin (2025)<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC12751248\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Omfattende gennemgang, der kombinerer fotofysik, mitokondriebiologi og klinisk rehabilitering. PBM ved 600-1.100 nm aktiverer \u00f8get ATP-syntese og kontrolleret ROS-signalering via CCO, som aktiverer transkriptionsfaktorer (NF-\u03baB, AP-1, HIF-1\u03b1) og opregulerer v\u00e6kstfaktorer (TGF-\u03b2, VEGF, IGF-1). P\u00e5 v\u00e6vsniveau fremmes fibroblast- og keratinocytproliferation, makrofagpolarisering og kollagensyntese. Vigtigste dosisanbefaling for v\u00e6v med lavt mitokondrieindhold (hud, sener): Effektt\u00e6thed &lt; 100 mW\/cm\u00b2, energit\u00e6thed 4-10 J\/cm\u00b2 ved m\u00e5lv\u00e6vet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Frig\u00f8relse af lysets kraft p\u00e5 huden: En omfattende gennemgang af fotobiomodulation<\/strong><br><em>Int. J. Mol. Sci. (2024)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/8\/4483\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Narrativ gennemgang af kliniske studier (6 \u00e5r) om PBM i dermatologi. 630-950 nm blev brugt hyppigst. Optimal til hudforyngelse: 630-660 nm, 6-50 mW\/cm\u00b2, 8-16 J\/cm\u00b2, 3\u00d7\/uge. Bikini-bifasisk effekt: Bedste resultater med moderate mellemdoser; overdosering (&gt;20 J\/cm\u00b2 p\u00e5 hudoverfladen) kan h\u00e6mme kollagensyntesen i stedet for at fremme den.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kollagensynthese_Hautverjungung\"><\/span>Kollagensyntese og hudforyngelse<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Optimering af lavniveau-lysterapi til hudforyngelse<\/strong><br><em>SCIRP (2025)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scirp.org\/journal\/paperinformation?paperid=142513\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">RCT (split-face) med 830 nm + 633 nm LED. Parametre: 6,4 mW\/cm\u00b2, 8,05 J\/cm\u00b2, 21 minutter pr. session, 3\u00d7\/uge i 4 uger. Signifikant rynkereduktion og forbedret hudelasticitet. N\u00f8glefund: 3 ugentlige sessioner var mere effektive end 2 - frekvensen havde stor indflydelse p\u00e5 resultatet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Regulering af hudens kollagenmetabolisme ved hj\u00e6lp af 660 nm LED<\/strong><br><em>Journal of Investigative Dermatology (klassisk studie)<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0022202X15341749\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Parametre<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>660 nm, pulserende (sekventiel pulstilstand LED)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>11 m\u00f8der<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Resultater<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>+31% Type 1 prokollagen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>-18% MMP-1 i v\u00e6vsbiopsier.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&gt;90% af testpersonerne viste en reduktion i rynkedybden.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Det sekventielle pulsm\u00f8nster (ikke kontinuerlig b\u00f8lge) var afg\u00f8rende for den fotobiologiske effektivitet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Klinische_Studien_Wundheilung_JAAD\"><\/span>Kliniske unders\u00f8gelser S\u00e5rheling (JAAD)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Fotobiomodulation CME del II: Kliniske anvendelser i dermatologi<\/strong><br><em>Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2024)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jaad.org\/article\/S0190-9622(24)00187-7\/fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Konsensus blandt &gt;20 eksperter (JAAD). Parametre for diabetiske s\u00e5r (evidensniveau IA): 630-670 nm, 10-50 mW\/cm\u00b2, 2-6 J\/cm\u00b2, daglig anvendelse eller 3\u00d7\/uge, indtil s\u00e5ret er lukket. Metaanalyse af 12 RCT'er: S\u00e5romr\u00e5de -30,9%, -4,2 cm\u00b2 sammenlignet med kontrol. Alle s\u00e5rhelingsfaser (inflammatorisk, proliferativ, remodellering) p\u00e5virkes positivt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Effekt af PBM-behandling (660 nm) p\u00e5 s\u00e5rheling inficeret med Staphylococcus aureus<\/strong><br><em>Fotobiomodul Fotomed Laser Surg. (2020)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/32466696\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dyrefors\u00f8g: 660 nm, 35 min\/dag, 7 dage. Signifikant mindre s\u00e5r (p &lt; 0,01), mere granulationsv\u00e6v, h\u00f8jere kollagenindhold (grad 3+). PCNA-proliferationsmark\u00f8rer steg signifikant. Bem\u00e6rk: Intensiteten blev bevidst holdt lav - for inficerede s\u00e5r er det s\u00e6rligt vigtigt ikke at overskride dosis (&lt; 15 J\/cm\u00b2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Muskeln_Sport_Rehabilitation_850_nm\"><\/span>Muskler, sport og genoptr\u00e6ning (850 nm)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u00e6rinfrar\u00f8dt lys ved 850 nm tr\u00e6nger op til 50 mm ned i dybden. If\u00f8lge en metaanalyse (Baroni et al., 2019) er den optimale parameter for muskelapplikationer 810 nm, 100 mW\/cm\u00b2, 30 J\/cm\u00b2 - 15% styrkefor\u00f8gelse blev m\u00e5lt hos tr\u00e6nede atleter. Hvis doserne er for h\u00f8je (&gt;50 J\/cm\u00b2, &gt;200 mW\/cm\u00b2), falder effekten. Unders\u00f8gelsen af Leal-Junior et al. (2011) fastslog, at den optimale dosis for 810 nm var 30 J i alt (ikke J\/cm\u00b2) over 6 muskelpunkter f\u00f8r tr\u00e6ning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Parametre<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>B\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngde 808-850 nm<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Effektt\u00e6thed 50-100 mW\/cm\u00b2 (laser); 30-150 mW\/cm\u00b2 (LED-panel)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Energit\u00e6thed 10-30 J\/cm\u00b2 (atleter); 6-10 J\/cm\u00b2 (genoptr\u00e6ning)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Varighed 5-15 min\/muskelgruppe<br>Brug direkte f\u00f8r eller efter tr\u00e6ning<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3-7\u00d7\/uge til intensiv tr\u00e6ning; 2-3\u00d7 til genoptr\u00e6ning<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Skelettmuskelregeneration\"><\/span>Regenerering af skeletmuskler<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>PBMT i regenerering af skeletmuskler: omfattende gennemgang<\/strong><br><em>Fotodiagnostik og fotodynamisk terapi (2025)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1572100025001668\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u00f8gleunders\u00f8gelse (Baroni 2019): 810 nm, 100 mW\/cm\u00b2, 30 J\/cm\u00b2, 6 muskelpunkter \u2192 15% styrkefor\u00f8gelse hos atleter. IL-6-reduktion med 40% med forebyggende PBM (5 J\/cm\u00b2 p\u00e5 tibialis hos rotter). Advarsel: Parametre fra dyrefors\u00f8g (f.eks. 5 J\/cm\u00b2) kan ikke overf\u00f8res direkte til mennesker - menneskelige quadriceps kr\u00e6ver h\u00f8jere energit\u00e6thed p\u00e5 grund af st\u00f8rre v\u00e6vsdybde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>PBM i menneskeligt muskelv\u00e6v: en fordel for sportspr\u00e6stationer?<\/strong><br><em>J. Biofotonik (PMC) (2016)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC5167494\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Systematisk gennemgang af alle RCT'er (niveau 1b) og case-kontrolstudier (niveau 3b). Mest effektive parametre til biceps: 810-850 nm, 50-100 mW\/cm\u00b2, 10-30 J\/cm\u00b2. Mest effektive parametre for quadriceps (st\u00f8rre muskel, dybere v\u00e6v): h\u00f8jere energier kr\u00e6ves, klyngeapplikatorer (5 dioder) foretr\u00e6kkes. PBM f\u00f8r tr\u00e6ning er mindst lige s\u00e5 effektiv og ofte bedre end anvendelse efter tr\u00e6ning, n\u00e5r det g\u00e6lder styrkev\u00e6rdier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Meta-Analysen_Sportleistung_Muskelkater\"><\/span>Metaanalyser af sportspr\u00e6stationer og muskel\u00f8mhed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Effekter af fotomodulationsterapi for DOMS: Systematisk gennemgang og metaanalyse<\/strong><br><em>MDPI JFMK (2025)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2411-5142\/10\/3\/277\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">14 studier, b\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngder 660-950 nm, 1-6 muskelpunkter. Optimal for DOMS-reduktion: 830-850 nm, 50-100 mW\/cm\u00b2, 6-10 J\/cm\u00b2 pr. punkt, direkte efter tr\u00e6ning. Signifikant VAS-smertereduktion sammenlignet med placebo; positive effekter p\u00e5 fastholdelse af muskelstyrke.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kan PBM f\u00f8r tr\u00e6ning forbedre muskeludholdenhed og fremme restitution? Meta-analyse<\/strong><br><em>Lasere i medicinsk videnskab (2024)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38758297\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kreatinkinase reduceret med 77,56 enheder (95%-KI: -112,67 til -42,44, p &lt; 0,01). Mest effektive parametre: 810 nm, 200 mW samlet effekt, 30 J samlet energi til 6 quadriceps-punkter. Bifasisk resultat: 50 J i alt var mindre effektivt end 30 J - klart eksempel p\u00e5 Hormesis\/Arndt-Schulz-kurven.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>PBM f\u00f8r tr\u00e6ning (810 nm): Optimal effekt til muskelrestitution<\/strong><br><em>Photomed Laser Surg (2017)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29099680\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">RCT med 28 fodboldatleter. Sammenlignede 100, 200, 400 mW effekt pr. diode (5 dioder, 810 nm). Resultat: 100 mW\/diode (500 mW i alt) var optimalt. H\u00f8jere effekt (200, 400 mW) gav ikke bedre eller endda d\u00e5rligere resultater - klassisk eksempel: st\u00f8rre effektt\u00e6thed er ikke automatisk bedre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Effekter af PBM, IPC og NMES p\u00e5 muskelrestitution: Systematisk gennemgang<\/strong><br><em>Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies (2025)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/40954632\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">19 RCT'er, 672 deltagere. PBM f\u00f8r tr\u00e6ning reducerede smerter med -12,27 point (95%-KI -18,14 til -6,40; I\u00b2 = 48%). PBM var den eneste metode (vs. IPC og NMES) med signifikant fordel. Anbefalede parametre: 810-850 nm, 50-100 mW\/cm\u00b2, 6-10 J\/cm\u00b2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gehirn_Kognition_Neurologie_810%E2%80%931064_nm\"><\/span>Hjerne, kognition og neurologi (810-1.064 nm)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Transkraniel PBM skal overvinde flere biologiske barrierer (hovedbund, kranieknogler, hjernehinder, cerebrospinalv\u00e6ske, cortex). De n\u00f8dvendige effektt\u00e6theder er derfor betydeligt h\u00f8jere end ved overfladiske anvendelser. En systematisk gennemgang fra 2024 (97 studier, 2.133 kilder) fandt: Studier bruger typisk ~250 mW\/cm\u00b2 p\u00e5 overfladen - hvoraf kun en br\u00f8kdel n\u00e5r ind i hjernev\u00e6vet. For kortikale neuroner: optimal ATP-produktion ved 25 mW\/cm\u00b2, 3 J\/cm\u00b2. Mitokondrieskade opstod allerede ved 30 J\/cm\u00b2 (for h\u00f8j dosis = h\u00e6mmende).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Parametre<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>B\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngde 810 nm (kognition\/Alzheimers), 1.064 nm (dyb penetration\/TBI)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Effektt\u00e6thed 25-285 mW\/cm\u00b2 ved hovedbunden (m\u00e5lv\u00e6v: cortex modtager en br\u00f8kdel af dette)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Energit\u00e6thed 20-60 J\/cm\u00b2 (overflade); 3 J\/cm\u00b2 ved m\u00e5lv\u00e6vet (neuroner)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Varighed 10-20 min | 3\u00d7\/uge (12 uger for Alzheimers RCT'er)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mindst 8-12 uger for kognitive effekter; akutte effekter fra 1-2 uger for TBI<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mechanismen_allgemeine_Wirkungen\"><\/span>Mekanismer og generelle effekter<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Fotobiomodulationsterapi p\u00e5 hjernen: Revolution\u00e9r den kognitive dynamik<\/strong><br><em>MDPI Cells (2024)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/13\/11\/966\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PBM aktiverer cytokrom c-oxidase i neuronale mitokondrier og \u00f8ger BDNF. 810 nm viser st\u00e6rkere CCO-aktivering end 1.064 nm (CCO-absorptionsspids ved ~810 nm). 1.064 nm har p\u00e5 den anden side en st\u00e6rkere indflydelse p\u00e5 Ca\u00b2\u207a-kanaler. Konsensus om kliniske parametre: 810 nm, 250 mW\/cm\u00b2 overfladeareal, 20-60 J\/cm\u00b2, transkranielt p\u00e5 pr\u00e6frontal cortex og temporallap.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Narrativ gennemgang af PBM i hjernen: Mekanismer, doser, fremtidige tendenser<\/strong><br><em>PMC (gennemgang af hjernens fotobiomodulation) (2018)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC6041198\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">N\u00f8gleparametre: Kortikale neuroner (dyrket): 25 mW\/cm\u00b2, optimal ATP-produktion ved 3 J\/cm\u00b2. H\u00f8jere doser (10 J\/cm\u00b2) stimulerer mindre, 30 J\/cm\u00b2 f\u00f8rer til mitokondrieskade. Til dybere hjerneomr\u00e5der (basalganglier, hjernestamme ved Parkinsons sygdom): Klasse 4-laser (10-15 W) anbefales i stedet for klasse 3 (&lt;0,5 W) for at bringe tilstr\u00e6kkelig fluens ned i dybden.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Alzheimer_Demenz\"><\/span>Alzheimers og demens<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Brain PBM: potentiel behandling af Alzheimers og Parkinsons<\/strong><br><em>PMC (2025)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC12321612\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pr\u00e6kliniske studier: 808-810 nm, pulserende (40 Hz), dagligt eller 3\u00d7\/uge, 12 uger. Viste reduktion af amyloid beta, ox. Stress, neuroinflammation; bedre kognitiv score i dyremodel. Klinisk unders\u00f8gelse (Japan): pulserende 810 nm lys (40 Hz), 3\u00d7\/uge, 12 uger, resultat: signifikant forbedret ADAS-Cog-score.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Transkraniel PBM i Alzheimers: RCT-protokol (Japan)<\/strong><br><em>Gr\u00e6nser i neurologi (2024)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC11258032\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fuldt beskrevne RCT-parametre: 810 nm, pulserende 40 Hz, 250 mW\/cm\u00b2, 20 min\/session, 3\u00d7\/uge, 12 uger. EEG-m\u00e5linger viste forbedret alfa\/beta\/gamma-rytme. Prim\u00e6rt endepunkt ADAS-Cog (Alzheimer's Cognition Scale). Prospektivt sham-kontrolleret studie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Transkraniel PBM forbedrer kognitiv funktion, PTSD og postcommotionelle symptomer<\/strong><br><em>Tidsskrift for neurotraumatologi (2025)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/40485299\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">RCT, 17 TBI-patienter. Parametre: 810 nm eller 1.064 nm, 250 mW\/cm\u00b2, 20 J\/cm\u00b2, 10 min\/session. Signifikante forbedringer i kognitiv funktion, PTSD og postcommotionelle symptomer. Placebo-kontrolleret.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"TBI_Entgiftung_1064_nm\"><\/span>TBI og afgiftning (1.064 nm)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1064 nm PBM fremmer bedring af TBI via modulering af neuroinflammation<\/strong><br><em>Tidsskrift for translationel medicin (2025)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/41204266\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Musemodel: 1.064 nm LED, 25 mW\/cm\u00b2, 12 min\/dag (= 18 J\/cm\u00b2), 14 dage. Betydelig bedring efter TBI, lindring af kognitive og f\u00f8lelsesm\u00e6ssige sv\u00e6kkelser. BDNF og VEGF steg markant i behandlingsomr\u00e5det. Mekanisme: Modulering af mikrogliapolarisering og neuroinflammation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>PBM og det glymfatiske system: Forbedring af hjernens lymfedr\u00e6nage<\/strong><br><em>Int. J. Mol. Sci. (2022)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8950470\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dyrefors\u00f8g: PBM (810 nm, 25-50 mW\/cm\u00b2) forbedrer lymfeflowet i hjernehinden og fremmer clearance af amyloid beta via det glymfatiske system. Terapeutisk implikation: Hjernens afgiftningsfunktion - relevant for forebyggelse af Alzheimers og generel hjernesundhed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Schmerzmanagement\"><\/span>H\u00e5ndtering af smerter<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PBM har en smertestillende effekt via flere mekanismer: reduktion af proinflammatoriske cytokiner (TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, IL-1\u03b2), modulering af nociceptive C- og A\u03b4-fibre, \u00f8get frigivelse af endorfiner og forbedring af den lokale mikrocirkulation. Til overfladiske smertepunkter (tender points, trigger points): 630-660 nm er tilstr\u00e6kkeligt. Til dybere muskuloskeletale strukturer (led, rygs\u00f8jle): 780-905 nm med h\u00f8jere effektt\u00e6thed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Parametre<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>B\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngde 630-905 nm (afh\u00e6ngigt af smertepunktets dybde)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Effektt\u00e6thed 40-100 mW\/cm\u00b2 (overfladisk: 40-60; dyb: 60-100)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Energit\u00e6thed 4-10 J\/cm\u00b2 pr. punkt (for fibromyalgi: op til 150 J\/cm\u00b2 for hele kroppen)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Varighed 10-20 min\/session<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Frekvens 3\u00d7\/uge, 6-12 uger; fibromyalgi: 4-6 uger intensiv + opf\u00f8lgning<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ubergreifende_Reviews\"><\/span>Omfattende anmeldelser<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Effekter af PBM p\u00e5 flere sundhedsresultater: Umbrella Review af RCT'er<\/strong><br><em>Systematiske anmeldelser (Springer) (2025)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s13643-025-02902-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">15 metaanalyser, &gt;9.000 patienter, 35 endepunkter, 15 sygdomme. St\u00e6rkest evidens for fibromyalgi, kn\u00e6artrose-invaliditet og kognitiv sv\u00e6kkelse. PBM-protokoller varierede meget - der findes ingen ensartet standard, hvilket g\u00f8r sammenlignelighed vanskelig. GRADE-kvalitet: 17% moderat, 57% lav, 26% meget lav.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>PBM ved kroniske smerter: Systematisk gennemgang af RCT'er<\/strong><br><em>Gr\u00e6nser inden for integrativ neurovidenskab (2026)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/integrative-neuroscience\/articles\/10.3389\/fnint.2026.1717372\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">14 RCT'er, 6.611 artikler screenet. St\u00e6rkeste resultater for fibromyalgi og perifere neuropatier: VAS-reduktion signifikant (p = 0,010), \u00f8mme punkter signifikant reduceret (p &lt; 0,0001). Anbefalede parametre for neuropatiske smerter: 660-830 nm, 40-80 mW\/cm\u00b2, 4-6 J\/cm\u00b2, 3\u00d7 ugentligt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Fibromyalgie\"><\/span>Fibromyalgi<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Effektiviteten af PBMT ved fibromyalgi: Systematisk gennemgang (17 studier)<\/strong><br><em>MDPI Anvendt videnskab (2025)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/15\/8\/4161\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">857 deltagere. Anvendte enheder: lavniveau-laser, infrar\u00f8d LED, helkrops-lyssenge (NovoTHOR). PBM p\u00e5 hele kroppen (630-1.100 nm, variabel fluens 1-150 J\/cm\u00b2) var mindst lige s\u00e5 god som lokal PBM. Mekanisme: Modulering af oxidativ stress, mitokondriefunktion og nociceptive signalveje. Anbefaling: Helkropstilgang foretr\u00e6kkes til udbredte smertepunkter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>PBM for hele kroppen p\u00e5 smerte, livskvalitet, kinesiofobi: tredobbelt blindet RCT, 6 m\u00e5neders opf\u00f8lgning<\/strong><br><em>Gr\u00e6nser inden for neurovidenskab (2024)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/neuroscience\/articles\/10.3389\/fnins.2024.1264821\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">42 patienter, NovoTHOR helkropsseng (660 + 850 nm, propriet\u00e6r effektt\u00e6thed). 12 behandlingssessioner. Signifikant smertereduktion ved T2 (efter behandling), T3 (2-ugers opf\u00f8lgning) og T4\/T5 (3 og 6 m\u00e5neder). PBM til hele kroppen adresserer systemisk fibromyalgi mere effektivt end selektiv anvendelse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kniearthrose_Tendinopathie\"><\/span>Slidgigt og tendinopati i kn\u00e6et<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>PBM til kn\u00e6artrose: Systematisk gennemgang og metaanalyse (10 RCT'er)<\/strong><br><em>Fysioterapi (2024)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38775202\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">542 deltagere. Mest effektive parametre: 810-830 nm, 50-100 mW\/cm\u00b2, 4-10 J\/cm\u00b2 p\u00e5 kn\u00e6leddet, 10-20 min, 3\u00d7\/uge. Moderat evidens for smertereduktion og funktionsforbedring. Bem\u00e6rk: Kn\u00e6leddet er dybere end hudoverfladen - derfor foretr\u00e6kkes 810-850 nm (dybere penetration) frem for 660 nm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Neuropathischer_Schmerz\"><\/span>Neuropatisk smerte<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>PBM i neuropatisk smerte: mekanismer, evidens og fremtidige retninger<\/strong><br><em>Gr\u00e6nser inden for fotonik (2025)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/photonics\/articles\/10.3389\/fphot.2025.1730347\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">660 nm aktiverer andre fotoacceptorer end 810-850 nm. Til overfladisk neuropati (f.eks. postherpetisk neuralgi): 660 nm, 20-50 mW\/cm\u00b2, 4-6 J\/cm\u00b2. Ved dyb neuropati (f.eks. diabetisk polyneuropati i f\u00f8dderne): 810-830 nm, 50-100 mW\/cm\u00b2, 6-10 J\/cm\u00b2. Mekanisme: PBM inducerer neurobeskyttelse via BDNF-syntese og undertrykkelse af neuroinflammation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Augenheilkunde_AMD\"><\/span>Oftalmologi (AMD)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Der g\u00e6lder s\u00e6rlige doseringsregler for \u00f8jenapplikationer (is\u00e6r AMD): Den retinale bestr\u00e5ling (det, der rent faktisk n\u00e5r nethinden) er drastisk lavere end enhedens effektt\u00e6thed. Apparater som fotobiomodulationsbrillerne (LumiThera) udsender lys gennem pupillen - direkte p\u00e5 makula. Derfor kan s\u00e5 lidt som 0,3-15 \u03bcW\/cm\u00b2 retinal bestr\u00e5ling v\u00e6re tilstr\u00e6kkelig. Forsigtig: Forkert dosering kan for\u00e5rsage nethindeskade. Brug kun godkendte oftalmologiske PBM-enheder!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Parametre<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>B\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngde 590 nm + 660 nm + 850 nm (flere b\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngder, f.eks. LIGHTSITE III)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Effektt\u00e6thed 0,3-15 \u03bcW\/cm\u00b2 (nethinde); enhed ~600 \u03bcW\/cm\u00b2 overfladeareal<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Meget lav energit\u00e6thed, omhyggeligt kalibreret<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Varighed 3-10 min\/session, 3\u00d7 om ugen over 3-13 m\u00e5neder<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Langvarig brug; tjek hver 3. m\u00e5ned<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Altersbedingte_Makuladegeneration\"><\/span>Aldersrelateret makuladegeneration<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>LIGHTSITE III: PBM (590+660+850 nm) med t\u00f8r AMD<\/strong><br><em>RETINA Journal (2024)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/retinajournal\/fulltext\/2024\/03000\/lightsite_iii__13_month_efficacy_and_safety.14.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">100 patienter, 10 amerikanske centre, 13 m\u00e5neder. Apparat: LumiThera Valeda Light Delivery System. B\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngder: 590 + 660 + 850 nm sekventielt. Behandling: 3\u00d7\/uge i 3 m\u00e5neder, derefter gentagne behandlingscyklusser. Resultat: +5,4 bogstavers synsstyrke (ETDRS) vs. sham, &lt;1% ny geografisk atrofi vs. 9,8% i sham-armen - statistisk meget signifikant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>PBM4AMD: Kortvarig effekt i tidlig\/intermedi\u00e6r AMD<\/strong><br><em>\u00d8je (natur) (2024)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41433-024-03326-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">38 deltagere, 12 uger. Parametre: Multi-b\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngde (svarende til LIGHTSITE), 10 min\/session, 3\u00d7\/uge. Synsstyrke, kontrastf\u00f8lsomhed og m\u00f8rketilpasning blev forbedret markant. Sikkerhed: Ingen termiske eller strukturelle bivirkninger p\u00e5 nethinden.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Brug af PBM i oftalmologi: fra b\u00e6nk til seng<\/strong><br><em>Gr\u00e6nser inden for oftalmologi (2024)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/ophthalmology\/articles\/10.3389\/fopht.2024.1388602\/full\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Forklarer den komplekse parametersituation inden for oftalmologi: nethindens bestr\u00e5ling er afg\u00f8rende, ikke apparatets effekt. Forskellige AMD-unders\u00f8gelser med 630 nm viste allerede betydelige nethindeforbedringer ved 15 \u03bcW\/cm\u00b2. Ingen bivirkninger i l\u00f8bet af 15 \u00e5r med korrekt dosering - vigtigt: Brug kun kalibreret medicinsk udstyr med \u00f8jenspecifikke godkendelser.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Onkologie_Mukositis\"><\/span>Onkologi og mucositis<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Oral mucositis er den mest almindelige akutte bivirkning ved kemoterapi\/str\u00e5lebehandling. PBM anvendes intraoralt p\u00e5 mundslimhinden som en forebyggende foranstaltning (f\u00f8r og under kr\u00e6ftbehandling). If\u00f8lge MASCC\/ISOO-retningslinjerne (2019) er PBM den eneste ikke-farmakologiske intervention med en formel anbefaling (niveau A) til forebyggelse af mucositis ved h\u00e6matopoietisk stamcelletransplantation. B\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngderne og doseringerne er de mest standardiserede p\u00e5 dette omr\u00e5de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Parametre<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>B\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngde 630-660 nm (intraoral); 650 + 980 nm (kombineret intra- og ekstraoral)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Effektt\u00e6thed 10-25 mW\/cm\u00b2 (MASCC\/ISOO anbefaler InGaAlP-lasere p\u00e5 10-25 mW)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Energit\u00e6thed 2-6 J\/cm\u00b2 pr. slimhindepunkt<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Varighed 3-5 min\/punkt<br>Brug dagligt eller skiftevis under kr\u00e6ftbehandling<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hyppighed Dagligt under kemoterapi\/str\u00e5lebehandling; mindst 5 gange om ugen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Leitlinien\"><\/span>Retningslinjer<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>MASCC\/ISOO kliniske retningslinjer for PBM og oral mucositis<\/strong><br><em>Support Care Cancer (2019)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00520-019-04890-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Formel anbefaling (h\u00f8jeste evidensniveau): B\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngde 632-685 nm (He-Ne eller InGaAlP), effekt 10-25 mW, energit\u00e6thed 2-4 J\/cm\u00b2 pr. applikationspunkt, intraoralt p\u00e5 syge omr\u00e5der. Hyppighed: dagligt under kemoterapi. G\u00e6lder for: h\u00e6matopoietisk stamcelletransplantation, kemoradioterapi i hoved- og halsomr\u00e5det. Ingen signifikante bivirkninger efter 15 \u00e5rs opf\u00f8lgning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Chemotherapie-induzierte_Mukositis\"><\/span>Kemoterapi-induceret mucositis<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Forebyggende PBM til kemo-induceret oral mucositis: Systematisk gennemgang af RCT'er<\/strong><br><em>MDPI Biomedicin (2025)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9059\/13\/2\/268\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">13 studier, 828 patienter. Anvendte parametre: 630-660 nm InGaAlP diodelaser, 10-25 mW, 2-6 J\/cm\u00b2, intraoral dagligt. 211 vs. 128 patienter udviklede mucositis (kontrol vs. PBM). 85% af studierne havde en lav risiko for bias. Forebyggende PBM var signifikant bedre end reaktiv behandling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>PBM-pr\u00e6konditionering til oral mucositis: dobbeltblind RCT<\/strong><br><em>BMC Oral Health (2025)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC11800611\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">45 patienter, 3 grupper. Gruppe 2: intraoral 650 nm (4 J\/cm\u00b2). Gruppe 3: intraoral 650 nm + ekstraoral 980 nm. Begge interventionsgrupper viste signifikant forebyggelse af mucositis og xerostomi. Resultat: Kombinationen af r\u00f8dt + infrar\u00f8dt lys (650 + 980 nm) er maksimalt effektiv til total mundd\u00e6kning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kopf-Hals-Karzinome_Strahlentherapie\"><\/span>Hoved- og halskr\u00e6ft og str\u00e5lebehandling<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>PBM til oral mucositis ved hoved- og halskr\u00e6ft: Metaanalyse af 14 RCT'er<\/strong><br><em>Hoved og hals (Wiley) (2024)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38265122\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">869 patienter. Parameteranalyse: He-Ne- og InGaAlP-laser (630-660 nm), 10-25 mW, 2-6 J\/cm\u00b2, daglig anvendelse under str\u00e5lebehandling viste de bedste resultater. Relativ risikoreduktion for mucositis: RR = 0,49 (p = 0,04) fra uge 2. Smertereduktion: WMD = -1,09 (p &lt; 0,00001). Meget signifikant effekt over 7 ugers str\u00e5lebehandling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Immunsystem_Entzundung\"><\/span>Immunsystem og inflammation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PBM p\u00e5virker immunsystemet p\u00e5 en kontekstafh\u00e6ngig m\u00e5de: I bet\u00e6ndt v\u00e6v har det en antiinflammatorisk effekt (reducerer TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, IL-1\u03b2; fremmer M2-makrofagpolarisering), i sundt v\u00e6v har det en stimulerende effekt. Den immunmodulerende effekt er blevet p\u00e5vist inden for det optiske vindue (650-950 nm) med en dosiskorridor p\u00e5 1-10 J\/cm\u00b2. Vigtigt: Disse doser er betydeligt lavere end for muskelapplikationer - immunsystemet reagerer mere f\u00f8lsomt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Parametre<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>B\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngde 650-950 nm (bredeste effektive spektrum; kombination af 660 + 850 nm anbefales)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Effektt\u00e6thed 20-80 mW\/cm\u00b2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Energit\u00e6thed 1-10 J\/cm\u00b2 (immunmodulation)<br>H\u00f8jere doser kan have en immunosuppressiv effekt<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Varighed 5-15 min\/session<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3\u00d7\/uge; ved akut inflammation dagligt i den f\u00f8rste uge<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Immunmodulation\"><\/span>Immunmodulation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Immunmodulerende effekter af PBM: omfattende gennemgang<\/strong><br><em>Lasere i medicinsk videnskab (2025)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC11991943\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Optimale parametre for immunmodulation: 650-950 nm, 20-80 mW\/cm\u00b2, 1-10 J\/cm\u00b2. PBM p\u00e5virker dendritiske celler (migration, cytokinproduktion), fremmer M2-makrofagpolarisering og regulerer T-cellerespons. Vigtigt resultat: Blot 1 J\/cm\u00b2 er tilstr\u00e6kkeligt til at opn\u00e5 m\u00e5lbare immunologiske effekter - langt under de doser, der anbefales til muskler\/knogler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Effektiviteten af PBM-terapi til behandling af smerte og inflammation: Litteraturgennemgang<\/strong><br><em>PMC (2023)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC10094541\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PBM 600-1.070 nm, energit\u00e6thed 1-150 J\/cm\u00b2. Optimal til h\u00e6mning af inflammation: 780-950 nm, 40-80 mW\/cm\u00b2, 4-10 J\/cm\u00b2, 3\u00d7\/uge. PBM p\u00e5 hele kroppen viste systemiske immuneffekter: forbedret s\u00f8vnkvalitet, morgenstivhed, reduktion af muskelkramper, psykologiske faktorer. S\u00e6rligt relevant for kroniske inflammatoriske systemiske sygdomme (f.eks. fibromyalgi, RA).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Gennemgang af lysparametre og PBM-effektivitet (Hamblin, Harvard)<\/strong><br><em>J. Biomed. Optics (PMC) (2021)<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8355782\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fuld tekst \/ PubMed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Grundl\u00e6ggende arbejde for at bestemme parametre (Hamblin\/Harvard). Central erkl\u00e6ring: Ingen universel enighed om optimale parametre - effektt\u00e6thed &lt; 100 mW\/cm\u00b2 og energit\u00e6thed 4-10 J\/cm\u00b2 ved m\u00e5lv\u00e6vet betragtes som konsensus for konservativ anbefaling. Bifasisk dosisrespons (Arndt-Schulz): Cellestimulering mellem 0,5-10 J\/cm\u00b2, inhibering over ~30 J\/cm\u00b2. V\u00e6v med et h\u00f8jt mitokondrieindhold (muskler, nerver, hjerte, hjerne) kr\u00e6ver mere energi end v\u00e6v med et lavt mitokondrieindhold (hud, sener, brusk).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Klinische_Empfehlungen\"><\/span>Kliniske anbefalinger<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fotobiomodulation er den f\u00f8rste ikke-invasive behandlingsform med dokumenteret klinisk effekt inden for mindst 7 forskellige medicinske discipliner. Styrken af evidensen varierer: De mest robuste data er for oral mucositis (MASCC\/ISOO guideline), s\u00e5rheling (meta-analyser LoE I) og muskelregenerering i sport. Omr\u00e5derne hjerne\/neurologi og AMD er meget lovende, men er stadig under udvikling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Allgemeine_Dosierungsregeln_Konsensus\"><\/span>Generelle regler for dosering (konsensus)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Absorberet dosis<\/strong><br>5-50 joule i alt pr. session (retningslinje: ~25 J)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>B\u00f8lgel\u00e6ngde pr. m\u00e5l<\/strong><br>660 nm til hud\/overflade<br>810-850 nm til muskler\/led\/dybt v\u00e6v<br>1.050-1.064 nm til hjernen<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Effektt\u00e6thed pr. dybde<\/strong><br>Hud 6-50 mW\/cm\u00b2<br>Muskler 50-100 mW\/cm\u00b2<br>Hjerne (transkraniel) 25-285 mW\/cm\u00b2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hold \u00f8je med bifaserne<\/strong><br>H\u00f8jere doser er ikke automatisk bedre.<br>- Hud: maks. 20 J\/cm\u00b2<br>- Neuroner: maks. 10 J\/cm\u00b2 p\u00e5 m\u00e5lv\u00e6vet<br>- for muskler: maks. 30-50 J\/cm\u00b2<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Kombinerede enheder<\/strong> - 660 + 850 nm giver det bredeste spektrum; kr\u00e6ver ~50% mere behandlingstid<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Behandlingsinterval<\/strong><br>Dagligt til 3\u00d7\/uge; pause anbefales hver 1-2 dag for cellegendannelse<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Evidenzstarke_nach_Bereich\"><\/span>Styrken af evidens pr. omr\u00e5de<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Meget st\u00e6rk (LoE I, WALT\/MASCC-retningslinjer)<\/strong><br>- Mucositis ved kr\u00e6ft<br>- S\u00e5rheling<br>- Kollagen\/hud<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>St\u00e6rk (LoE I, meta-analyser)<\/strong><br>- Regenerering af muskler<br>- Fibromyalgi<br>- AMD<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Moderat (LoE II, RCT'er)<\/strong><br>- Slidgigt i kn\u00e6et<br>- neuropatisk smerte<br>- Kognition (transkraniel)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tidligt (pr\u00e6klinisk\/pilot)<\/strong><br>- Afgiftning, lymfesystem<br>- Langtidsoverlevelse af kr\u00e6ft<br>- 1.064 nm dybe hjernestrukturer<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kontakt_zu_PBM-Anwendern_%E2%80%93_Arzte_Kliniken\"><\/span>Kontakt med PBM-brugere - l\u00e6ger\/klinikker<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Augenheilkunde_%E2%80%93_Trockene_AMD_Makuladegeneration\"><\/span>Oftalmologi - T\u00f8r AMD (makuladegeneration)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dette er det mest klinisk avancerede og lovgivningsm\u00e6ssigt sikre omr\u00e5de. Enheden&nbsp;<strong>Valeda (LumiThera)<\/strong>&nbsp;er CE-certificeret og har v\u00e6ret godkendt i Europa siden 2018; FDA-godkendt siden november 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Udbyder<\/th><th>Beliggenhed<\/th><th>Link<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Macular Retina Center<\/strong>&nbsp;(Prof. Dr. Hakan Kaymak - en af verdens mest erfarne brugere, udf\u00f8rer ~10 % af alle PBM-behandlinger p\u00e5 verdensplan)<\/td><td>D\u00fcsseldorf<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/augenchirurgie.clinic\/behandlungen\/photobiomodulation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00f8jenkirurgi.klinik<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u00d8jenl\u00e6ge Witten<\/strong>&nbsp;(Dr. Riha) - en af de f\u00f8rste praksisser i Tyskland<\/td><td>Witten \/ NRW<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.augenarzt-witten.de\/photobiomodulation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">augenarzt-witten.de<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u00d8jenl\u00e6ge M\u00fcnchen<\/strong>&nbsp;(Dr. Augsten)<\/td><td>M\u00fcnchen<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.augenarzt-muc.de\/netzhaut\/behandlung\/valeda\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00f8jenl\u00e6ge-muc.de<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u00d8jenl\u00e6ger Gerl &amp; kolleger<\/strong>&nbsp;(Valeda-programmet)<\/td><td>M\u00fcnchen<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.augenklinik.de\/behandlung\/valeda\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">eyeclinic.com<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Dr. Riha Ophthalmology<\/strong><\/td><td>Wien \/ AT<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/dr-riha.com\/photobiomodulation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dr-riha.com<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>\u00d8jenl\u00e6ger Bern<\/strong>&nbsp;(CH)<\/td><td>Bern \/ CH<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.augenaerzte-bern.ch\/leistungen\/photobiomodulation-bei-altersbedingter-makuladegeneration\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00f8jenl\u00e6ger-bern.ch<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Bern \u00d8jenklinik<\/strong>&nbsp;(Prof. Garweg)<\/td><td>Bern \/ CH<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/augenklinik-bern.ch\/fachpublikum\/amd-sprechstunde\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00f8jenklinik-bern.ch<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bem\u00e6rk:<\/strong>\u00a0Omkostningerne d\u00e6kkes generelt ikke af den lovpligtige sundhedsforsikring (IGeL).<br>LumiThera tilbyder en s\u00f8gemaskine til andre Valeda-centre p\u00e5 sin hjemmeside.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Onkologie_%E2%80%93_Orale_Mukositis_Chemo-Strahlentherapiefolge\"><\/span>Onkologi - Oral mucositis (konsekvens af kemoterapi\/str\u00e5lebehandling)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PBM til forebyggelse og behandling af inflammation i mundslimhinden er retningslinjebaseret (MASCC\/ISOO) og bliver i stigende grad integreret i onkologiske st\u00f8ttebehandlingsprogrammer. En europ\u00e6isk klinisk retningslinje blev etableret for f\u00f8rste gang i 2025\/2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Udbyder<\/th><th>Hint<\/th><th>Link<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>rj-laser.com<\/strong>&nbsp;- Dental laserterapi-platform med kliniske protokoller for mucositis<\/td><td>Specialistportal DE\/AT\/CH<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/rj-laser.com\/de\/lasertherapie-mukositis-chemotherapieinduziert\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rj-laser.com<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Informationstjeneste om kr\u00e6ft (KID)<\/strong><\/td><td>Anbefaler kraftigt PBM som en mulighed for mucositis i underst\u00f8ttende behandling<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.krebsinformationsdienst.de\/fileadmin\/pdf-dateien\/informationsblaetter\/iblatt-mukositis-bei-krebs.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">krebsinformationsdienst.de<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Specifikke klinikker i Tyskland, der rutinem\u00e6ssigt tilbyder PBM for mucositis, offentligg\u00f8r det sj\u00e6ldent eksplicit p\u00e5 patienthjemmesider. Behandlingen finder som regel sted som en del af den underst\u00f8ttende tandpleje p\u00e5 store onkologiske centre (f.eks. universitetshospitaler).<br>Det anbefales at kontakte det behandlende onkologiske center eller k\u00e6bekirurgen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dermatologie_%E2%80%93_Haut_Wundheilung_Akne_Psoriasis\"><\/span>Dermatologi - hud, s\u00e5rheling, akne, psoriasis<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PBM ved hj\u00e6lp af LED-lysterapi er etableret i mange dermatologiske praksisser og \u00e6stetiske klinikker.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Udbyder<\/th><th>Beliggenhed<\/th><th>Link<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Dermatologi Dr. Friedl<\/strong>&nbsp;- LED-lysterapi (Medisol\u00ae) til akne, vitiligo, psoriasis, hudaldring, hvid hudkr\u00e6ft (PDT)<\/td><td>\u00d8strig<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dermatologie-friedl.de\/leistungen\/aesthetische-medizin\/led-lichttherapie-mit-medisol-lampe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">dermatologi-friedl.com<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Derudover bruger mange \u00e6stetiske dermatologipraksisser og lasercentre i Tyskland PBM (f.eks. med Fotona-systemer). Vi anbefaler at s\u00f8ge efter \u201eLED-lysterapi dermatologi\u201c eller \u201ePBM-dermatolog\u201c med en placering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zahnmedizin_MKG-Chirurgie\"><\/span>Tandpleje \/ k\u00e6bekirurgi<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">PBM bruges i vid udstr\u00e6kning i tandplejen, f.eks. til k\u00e6beledssmerter (CMD), postoperativ s\u00e5rheling, implantater og mucositis. Ortodontister bruger&nbsp;<strong>OrthoPulse\u00ae-enhed<\/strong>&nbsp;for at fremskynde tandbev\u00e6gelser (selvp\u00e5f\u00f8ring, ca. 600 \u20ac).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Udbyder\/portal<\/th><th>Hint<\/th><th>Link<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>ZWP Online<\/strong>&nbsp;- Oversigt over KFO-PBM<\/td><td>Portal for specialister<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zwp-online.info\/zwpnews\/wirtschaft-und-recht\/recht\/photobiomodulation-in-der-kieferorthopadie\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">zwp-online.info<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Fotona lasersystemer<\/strong>&nbsp;(Mulighed for at s\u00f8ge efter forhandler\/klinik)<\/td><td>PBM til tandpleje og medicin, LightWalker<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fotona.com\/de\/treatments\/6496\/photobiomodulation-und-schmerzbehandlung\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fotona.com<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Neurologie_Psychiatrie_%E2%80%93_Alzheimer_TBI_Depression_fruhe_Phase\"><\/span>Neurologi\/psykiatri - Alzheimers, TBI, depression (tidlig fase)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dette omr\u00e5de er stadig under klinisk afpr\u00f8vning. Regelm\u00e6ssigt godkendte patienttjenester i Tyskland er stadig sj\u00e6ldne, men de f\u00f8rste centre og studier findes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Udbyder\/portal<\/th><th>Hint<\/th><th>Link<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>PBM-Fotobiomodulation.eu<\/strong>&nbsp;- Europ\u00e6isk informationsportal med praktisk overblik<\/td><td>DACH-regionen<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/pbm-photobiomodulation.eu\/PBM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pbm-photobiomodulation.eu<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Neurofeedback Luxembourg<\/strong>&nbsp;- informerer om neurologiske PBM-applikationer<\/td><td>LU\/DACH<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/neurofeedback-luxembourg.com\/de\/photobiomodulation-ein-umfassender-leitfaden-fur-lichttherapievorteile\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">neurofeedback-luxembourg.com<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Allgemeine_Suchwerkzeuge\"><\/span>Generelle s\u00f8gev\u00e6rkt\u00f8jer<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Producenten LumiThera tilbyder p\u00e5 sin hjemmeside en\u00a0<strong>S\u00f8g efter placering<\/strong>\u00a0for Valeda-praksis:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lumithera.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lumithera.com<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Portalen\u00a0<strong>pbm-photobiomodulation.eu<\/strong>\u00a0viser europ\u00e6isk praksis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Den\u00a0<strong>Verdenssammenslutningen for laserterapi (WALT)<\/strong>\u00a0tilbyder en global terapeut-s\u00f8gning<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Vigtig bem\u00e6rkning:<\/strong>\u00a0Omkostningsd\u00e6kning fra den lovpligtige sygesikring er endnu ikke reguleret i Tyskland for de fleste PBM-indikationer (med undtagelse af st\u00f8ttende onkologi i nogle centre).<br>PBM bruges overvejende som\u00a0<strong>IGeL-service<\/strong>\u00a0faktureres privat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>Dokumentet er baseret p\u00e5 peer-reviewed litteratur fra PubMed, PMC, Frontiers, MDPI, Springer og Nature i perioden fra 2019 til 02.2026. <\/em><br>Vist <em>Parametrene er taget fra kliniske studier og WALT\/MASCC-anbefalinger.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Alt indhold er samvittighedsfuldt unders\u00f8gt og afspejler den aktuelle (02.2026) offentliggjorte viden. Det er kun til informationsform\u00e5l og erstatter ikke en professionel l\u00e6gekonsultation.<br><br>Sammenk\u00e6dede studier giver den praktiserende l\u00e6ge yderligere medicinsk og videnskabelig information.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">L\u00e6setid<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 12<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minutter<\/span><\/span>Umfassende Studien\u00fcbersicht 2023\u20132025 Einleitung Photobiomodulation (PBM), auch bekannt als Low-Level-Lasertherapie (LLLT), ist eine nicht-invasive therapeutische Methode, die Licht bestimmter Wellenl\u00e4ngen nutzt, um biologische Prozesse in lebendem Gewebe zu stimulieren.Prim\u00e4rer Mechanismus ist die Absorption von Photonen durch den mitochondrialen Photoakzeptor Cytochrom-c-Oxidase (CCO), was die ATP-Synthese steigert, reaktive Sauerstoffspezies moduliert und eine Kaskade zellul\u00e4rer Regenerationsprozesse anst\u00f6\u00dft. Das&hellip;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/blog\/2026\/02\/18\/photobiomodulation-pbm\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">L\u00e6s mere \"<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fotobiomodulation (PBM)<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12784","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"modified_by":"Achim Goerner","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12784","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12784"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12784\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12784"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12784"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/da\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12784"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}