{"id":2131,"date":"2022-07-05T19:24:59","date_gmt":"2022-07-05T19:24:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/?p=2131"},"modified":"2024-02-03T13:29:19","modified_gmt":"2024-02-03T13:29:19","slug":"atvirkstinis-osmosas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/blog\/2022\/07\/05\/umkehr-osmose\/","title":{"rendered":"Atvirk\u0161tinis osmosas"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Turinys<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/blog\/2022\/07\/05\/umkehr-osmose\/#Einfuhrung_in_die_Umkehr-Osmose\" >\u012evadas \u012f atvirk\u0161tin\u012f osmos\u0105<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/blog\/2022\/07\/05\/umkehr-osmose\/#Umkehr-Osmose-Anlagen_zur_Trinkwassergewinnung\" >Geriamojo vandens gamybos atvirk\u0161tinio osmoso sistemos<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/blog\/2022\/07\/05\/umkehr-osmose\/#Hygieneaspekte\" >Higienos aspektai<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/blog\/2022\/07\/05\/umkehr-osmose\/#Abwasser\" >Nuotekos<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/blog\/2022\/07\/05\/umkehr-osmose\/#Laufende_Kosten\" >Nuolatin\u0117s i\u0161laidos<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/blog\/2022\/07\/05\/umkehr-osmose\/#Okonomie\" >Ekonomika<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Skaitymo laikas<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 3<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minut\u0117s<\/span><\/span>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Einfuhrung_in_die_Umkehr-Osmose\"><\/span>\u012evadas \u012f atvirk\u0161tin\u012f osmos\u0105<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kas n\u0117ra to patyr\u0119s, o vy\u0161ni\u0173 sod\u0173 savininkams tai kelia siaub\u0105 - prinokusi\u0173 vy\u0161ni\u0173 sprogimas po li\u016bties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To prie\u017eastis yra darbas <em>Osmosis<\/em> (graiki\u0161kai - \"\u012fsiskverbimas\"): Lietaus vandenyje yra labai ma\u017eai i\u0161tirpusi\u0173 daleli\u0173. Tod\u0117l jis turi didel\u012f chemin\u012f potencial\u0105.<br>Vy\u0161nios mink\u0161time esan\u010diame vandenyje, kuriame gausu cukraus, yra daug i\u0161tirpusi\u0173 med\u017eiag\u0173. Tod\u0117l jo cheminis potencialas yra ma\u017eas.<br>Kad i\u0161lygint\u0173 potencial\u0173 skirtumus, mink\u0161timas sugeria lietaus vanden\u012f, d\u0117l to padid\u0117ja vy\u0161nios t\u016bris, o galiausiai odel\u0117 nebeatlaiko sl\u0117gio ir ply\u0161ta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Svetain\u0117 <em>Atvirk\u0161tinis osmosas<\/em> laikomasi prie\u0161ingo po\u017ei\u016brio: vanduo, kuriame yra daug priemai\u0161\u0173, tur\u0117t\u0173 b\u016bti paver\u010diamas vandeniu, kuriame \u012fvairi\u0173 (kenksming\u0173) med\u017eiag\u0173 koncentracija yra nedidel\u0117 (arba visai n\u0117ra).<br>Tam u\u017eter\u0161tas vanduo dideliu sl\u0117giu spaud\u017eiamas per plonas membranas. Pa\u0161alintinos med\u017eiagos lieka jose \u012fkalintos. Priklausomai nuo membranos por\u0173 plonumo, \u012f vanden\u012f nepatenka ne\u0161varumai ir nepageidaujamos med\u017eiagos, pavyzd\u017eiui, bakterijos, virusai, hormonai, antibiotikai ir kt.<br>Norint \u012fveikti geriamojo vandens osmosin\u012f sl\u0117g\u012f, kuris yra ma\u017edaug 2 barai, sl\u0117gis turi b\u016bti bent 50% didesnis. Did\u0117jant druskos kiekiui, did\u0117ja ir osmosinis sl\u0117gis; s\u016briam vandeniui reikia daug didesnio sl\u0117gio: esant prisotintam vandeniui turi b\u016bti taikomas ma\u017edaug 350 bar\u0173 sl\u0117gis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Umkehr-Osmose-Anlagen_zur_Trinkwassergewinnung\"><\/span>Geriamojo vandens gamybos atvirk\u0161tinio osmoso sistemos<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Geriamojo vandens gavimas i\u0161 lietaus, up\u0117s ar tvenkinio vandens buvo pirmin\u0117 atvirk\u0161tinio osmoso technologijos id\u0117ja. \u0160\u012f proces\u0105 naudojantys \u012frenginiai naudojami krizi\u0173 zonose, kosmin\u0117se kelion\u0117se ir besivystan\u010diose \u0161alyse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kadangi geriamasis vanduo tampa vis labiau u\u017eter\u0161tas, ypa\u010d kenksmingais vaist\u0173 liku\u010diais, \u0161i\u0173 valymo proces\u0173 svarba did\u0117ja ir priva\u010diajame sektoriuje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Atitinkamai i\u0161augo reikalavimai filtr\u0173 technologijoms. Anks\u010diau reik\u0117jo pa\u0161alinti tik &gt; 10 \u00b5m dyd\u017eio ne\u0161varum\u0173 daleles, o \u0161iandien tenka spr\u0119sti kur kas sud\u0117tingesnes u\u017eduotis.<br>Pavyzd\u017eiui, arsen\u0105, \u0161vin\u0105, kadm\u012f, natr\u012f, sulfat\u0105, kalc\u012f, magn\u012f, fosfatus, chloridus, fluoridus, nitratus, nitritus, radioaktyvi\u0105sias med\u017eiagas, bakterijas, virusus, dioksinus, organines med\u017eiagas, chlor\u0105, pesticidus, insekticidus ir vaist\u0173 liku\u010dius sulaikantys filtrai, kuri\u0173 por\u0173 plotis yra tik 0,02 \u00b5m. Palyginimui, plonas \u017emogaus plaukas yra 0,02 ... 0,04 mm, t. y. 1000 kart\u0173 storesnis. Bakterijos yra 0,1 ... 700 \u00b5m, o virusai - 0,015 ... 0,44 \u00b5m dyd\u017eio.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Atvirk\u0161tinio osmoso sistem\u0173 filtravimo paj\u0117gumas nurodomas GPD (galonais per dien\u0105). 100 GPD atitinka 380 litr\u0173 itin \u0161varaus vandens per dien\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Komercin\u0117s sistemos paprastai pagamina nuo 1500 iki 2250 litr\u0173 per dien\u0105 (400 ... 600 GPD) arba apie 1,1 ... 1,5 litro per minut\u0119 ir kainuoja <a href=\"https:\/\/shop.purway.de\/products\/pur-booster-quick-7-stufen-600-gpd-osmoseanlage-ersatzfilterset\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7 pakop\u0173 filtro konstrukcija<\/a> 300 .. 400 eur\u0173, \u012fskaitant pakaitini\u0173 filtr\u0173 rinkin\u012f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hygieneaspekte\"><\/span>Higienos aspektai<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kadangi pro smulkiausi\u0105 filtr\u0105 gali prasiskverbti tik ma\u017eesni nei 0,02 \u00b5m virusai, galima daryti prielaid\u0105, kad higienos problem\u0173 nekyla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Atostog\u0173 metu, kai vanduo netiekiamas, filtruose gali apsigyventi bakterijos. Ta\u010diau jos netur\u0117t\u0173 galimyb\u0117s prasiskverbti pro 0,02 \u00b5m filtr\u0105. Be to, automatiniai praplovimo intervalai u\u017etikrina, kad tokios kolonizacijos b\u016bt\u0173 i\u0161vengta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">99,99% sterilum\u0105 u\u017etikrina tolesn\u0117s UV sterilizacijos sistemos. \u010cia vanduo teka palei kvarcinio stiklo cilindr\u0105, kurio viduje \u012frengta UV lempa. UV spinduliuot\u0117 naikina bakterijas ir virusus ir neleid\u017eia susidaryti dumbliams.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Su <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.de\/gp\/product\/B08CVTS3BS\/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=csiag-21&amp;camp=1638&amp;creative=6742&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;creativeASIN=B08CVTS3BS&amp;linkId=d9075c40a1e9b19c90cafd696dca2275\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">16 W UV lempa<\/a> 130,-, Eur\u0173 - ma\u017edaug 4 000 J\/m IRAY doz\u0117<sup>3<\/sup> galima realizuoti - de\u0161imt kart\u0173 daugiau nei standartin\u0117 rekomendacija praktikoje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Chloras ir chloraminai suskaidomi naudojant pakankam\u0105 UV-C doz\u0119. Ta\u010diau, kad b\u016bt\u0173 pasiekta reikiama doz\u0117, valomas vanduo turi l\u0117tai (!) tek\u0117ti per UV-C skaidrintuv\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Geriausia, jei sistema b\u016bt\u0173 naudojama kasdien namuose, j\u0105 b\u016bt\u0173 galima paleisti per nedidelio srauto (ma\u017edaug 1 litras per minut\u0119) dozavimo sistem\u0105. Tokiu atveju vanduo imamas i\u0161 vandentiekio ir per dozavimo siurbl\u012f per UV-C skaidrintuv\u0105 pilamas \u012f higieni\u0161k\u0105 geriamojo vandens rezervuar\u0105 (ma\u017edaug 30 litr\u0173 talpos arba pritaikyt\u0105 prie kasdien suvartojamo geriamojo vandens kiekio).<br>D\u0117l itin l\u0117to srauto grei\u010dio gaunamame vandenyje n\u0117ra chloro ir mikrob\u0173.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Abwasser\"><\/span>Nuotekos<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kadangi valant gryn\u0105 osmoso vanden\u012f susidaro ir u\u017eter\u0161tos nuotekos, efektyvus vandens suvartojimas padid\u0117ja apie 100% ar daugiau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Min\u0117ta 7 pakop\u0173 sistema i\u0161 1 litro nuotek\u0173 paruo\u0161ia 1 litr\u0105 osmoso vandens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tod\u0117l, \u012frengiant atvirk\u0161tinio osmoso sistem\u0105, visuomet reikalingas nuotek\u0173 vamzdis. Jei reikia, \u0161\u012f nuotek\u0173 vanden\u012f taip pat galima nuvesti \u012f cistern\u0105, i\u0161 kurios tiekiamas vanduo \u012f tualeto praustuv\u0105, jei name \u012frengtos dvi vandens grandin\u0117s.  <br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Laufende_Kosten\"><\/span>Nuolatin\u0117s i\u0161laidos<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Atvirk\u0161tin\u0117s osmoz\u0117s sistema gali veikti be elektros energijos, kai sl\u0117gis vamzdyje yra 3 barai. Ta\u010diau jei nenorite apsieiti be automatinio skalavimo ir UV higienos stoties, jums reik\u0117s 230 V jungties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <a href=\"https:\/\/shop.purway.de\/WASSERFILTERPATRONEN-WASSERFILTERPATRONEN-%C3%9Cbersicht-Osmose-Filter-Set-Komplett-Ersatz-fuer-PUR-Booster-Quick-7.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Filtro keitimas<\/a> kas \u0161e\u0161is m\u0117nesius kainuoja apie 50 eur\u0173. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.de\/gp\/product\/B005FU81CO\/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=csiag-21&amp;camp=1638&amp;creative=6742&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;creativeASIN=B005FU81CO&amp;linkId=3c22ad153a7b096d178e97a81a723cd1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UV-C lempos<\/a> tarnavimo laikas - 8 000 ... 10 000 valand\u0173, t. y. apie vienerius metus, ir kainuoja apie 20 eur\u0173.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I\u0161 viso 12 ... 15 eur\u0173 per m\u0117nes\u012f fiksuot\u0173 eksploatavimo i\u0161laid\u0173.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Okonomie\"><\/span>Ekonomika<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Kas nori atkreipti d\u0117mes\u012f \u012f ekonomin\u012f ir higienos aspekt\u0105, nenori, kad prausimuisi naudojamas vanduo nepanaudotas i\u0161b\u0117gt\u0173 \u012f kanalizacij\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ta\u010diau reik\u0117t\u0173 nepamir\u0161ti, kad \u0161iame skalavimo vandenyje, nepriklausomai nuo jo kilm\u0117s, yra didesn\u0117 \"ter\u0161al\u0173\" koncentracija nei \u012fprastame vandenyje, tod\u0117l jo negalima naudoti higienos po\u017ei\u016briu svarbiems darbams atlikti!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ta\u010diau niekas neprie\u0161tarauja, kad, pavyzd\u017eiui, tualetui nuleisti b\u016bt\u0173 naudojamas atskiras vandens tiekimas.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Skaitymo laikas<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 3<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minut\u0117s<\/span><\/span>\u012evadas \u012f atvirk\u0161tin\u012f osmos\u0105 Kas n\u0117ra to patyr\u0119s, o vy\u0161ni\u0173 sod\u0173 savininkams tai kelia siaub\u0105 - prinokusi\u0173 vy\u0161ni\u0173 sprogimas po li\u016bties. To prie\u017eastis - osmoso (graiki\u0161kai - \"\u012fsiskverbimas\") poveikis: Lietaus vandenyje yra labai ma\u017eai i\u0161tirpusi\u0173 daleli\u0173. Tod\u0117l jis turi didel\u012f chemin\u012f potencial\u0105, o vy\u0161ni\u0173 mink\u0161time esantis vanduo, kuriame gausu cukraus...&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/blog\/2022\/07\/05\/umkehr-osmose\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Skaityti daugiau \"<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Atvirk\u0161tinis osmosas<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[339,338],"tags":[591,588,589,590,587,586,584,592],"class_list":["post-2131","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-umkehr-osmose","category-wasser-management","tag-durchflussmenge","tag-filter","tag-hygiene","tag-keimfreiheit","tag-trinkwasser","tag-trinkwassergewinnung","tag-umkehr-osmose","tag-uv-c-klaerer"],"modified_by":"Achim Goerner","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2131","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2131"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2131\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2131"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2131"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2131"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}