{"id":3553,"date":"2023-03-01T16:08:54","date_gmt":"2023-03-01T16:08:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/?p=3553"},"modified":"2025-03-04T10:57:02","modified_gmt":"2025-03-04T10:57:02","slug":"jonizuojancioji-spinduliuote","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/blog\/2023\/03\/01\/ionisierende-strahlung\/","title":{"rendered":"Jonizuojan\u010dioji spinduliuot\u0117"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_83 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Turinys<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/blog\/2023\/03\/01\/ionisierende-strahlung\/#Einheiten\" >Vienetai<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/blog\/2023\/03\/01\/ionisierende-strahlung\/#Strahlenarten\" >Spinduli\u0173 tipai<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/blog\/2023\/03\/01\/ionisierende-strahlung\/#Radon_%E2%80%93_als_Heilmittel\" >Radonas - kaip priemon\u0117<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/blog\/2023\/03\/01\/ionisierende-strahlung\/#Messgerate\" >Matavimo prietaisai<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/blog\/2023\/03\/01\/ionisierende-strahlung\/#Definition_Grenz-_Richt_und_Referenzwert\" >Ribin\u0117s, orientacin\u0117s ir pamatin\u0117s vert\u0117s apibr\u0117\u017eimas<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/blog\/2023\/03\/01\/ionisierende-strahlung\/#Interpretation_der_Messwerte\" >I\u0161matuot\u0173 ver\u010di\u0173 ai\u0161kinimas<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Skaitymo laikas<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 4<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minut\u0117s<\/span><\/span>\n<p>Jonizuojan\u010dioji spinduliuot\u0117 \u017emon\u0117ms nepastebima, ji yra bekvap\u0117, beskon\u0117 ir nematoma. Ji susidaro skylant radioaktyvi\u0173j\u0173 med\u017eiag\u0173 atomams, kuri\u0173 gamtoje pasitaiko visur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Einheiten\"><\/span>Vienetai<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ta\u010diau \u0161\u012f atomo skilim\u0105 galima i\u0161matuoti. <em>Antuanas Henris Bekerelis (Antoine Henri Becquerel)<\/em> gautas 1903 m., kartu su <em>Marie<\/em> ir <em>Pjeras Kiuri<\/em>Nobelio premija u\u017e radioaktyvumo atradim\u0105. I\u0161 prad\u017ei\u0173 skilimo greitis, t. y. per sekund\u0119 suyran\u010di\u0173 atom\u0173 skai\u010dius, buvo i\u0161rei\u0161kiamas kuriu (Ci), o nuo 1998 m. vartojamas vienetas bekerelis (Bq).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pasak \u0161ved\u0173 gydytojo ir fiziko <em>Rolfas Sievertas<\/em>1979 m., pra\u0117jus 13 met\u0173 po jo mirties, sieverto (Sv) vienetas buvo apibr\u0117\u017etas kaip tarptautinis lygiavert\u0117s doz\u0117s matavimo vienetas. Jis apib\u016bdina biologinio organizmo ap\u0161vit\u0105 (doz\u0119) d\u017eauliais kilogramui, padaugint\u0105 i\u0161 <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strahlungswichtungsfaktor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Radiacijos svertinis koeficientas<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Skiriami lygiaverti\u0161kumo (H), veiksmingumo (D<sub>eff<\/sub>) ir organo doz\u0117 (H<sub>T<\/sub>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nustatant veiksming\u0105j\u0105 doz\u0119 atsi\u017evelgiama \u012f skirting\u0105 organ\u0173 jautrum\u0105. Ribin\u0117 vert\u0117 asmenims, kurie n\u0117ra profesin\u0117s ap\u0161vitos veikiami<sup>(1)<\/sup> yra 1 mSv\/a, asmenims, kurie patiria profesin\u0119 ap\u0161vit\u0105<sup>(2)<\/sup> 20 mSv\/a.<br>organo doz\u0117 apib\u016bdina atitinkamo organo sugeriam\u0105 doz\u0119, pvz., akies l\u0119\u0161iukas 15 mSv\/a.<sup>(1)<\/sup>arba 20 mSv\/a<sup>(2)<\/sup>, gal\u016bn\u0117s 50 mSv\/a<sup>(1)<\/sup>arba 500 mSv\/a<sup>(2)<\/sup> lt. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gesetze-im-internet.de\/strlschv_2018\/StrlSchV.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">StrlSchV \u00a771<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Strahlenarten\"><\/span>Spinduli\u0173 tipai<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Priklausomai nuo matuojamos spinduliuot\u0117s tipo, yra \u012fvairi\u0173 matavimo metod\u0173 ir prietais\u0173.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Geigerio skaitiklis, pavadintas pagal <em>Johannesas Wilhelmas Geigeris<\/em>arba Geigerio ir Miulerio skai\u010diavimo m\u0117gintuv\u0117liu, prie kurio pridedama jo doktoranto pavard\u0117 <em>Walther M\u00fcller<\/em>\u017einomas nuo 1929 m., naudojamas alfa, beta ir gama spinduliuot\u0117s radioaktyviam skilimui matuoti. \u0160i seka taip pat suteikia informacijos apie did\u0117jant\u012f spinduliuot\u0117s skvarbum\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Alfa spinduliuot\u0117<\/strong> (\u03b1) randamas sunkiuosiuose branduoliuose, pavyzd\u017eiui, urano-238.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Beta spinduliuot\u0117<\/strong> (\u03b2) susidaro, kai atomo branduolys virsta kito elemento branduoliu. \u010cia i\u0161skiriamas \u03b2<sup>+<\/sup>kitas ma\u017eiausias elementas ir \u03b2<sup>-<\/sup>kito did\u017eiausio atominio skai\u010diaus elementas. Abu \u0161ie elementai yra jonizuojan\u010dioji spinduliuot\u0117.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Gama spinduliuot\u0117<\/strong> (\u03b3) yra elektromagnetin\u0117 spinduliuot\u0117, kurios bangos ilgis vos 0,005 nm (atitinka 59 958 491,6 THz(!)) ir kuri susidaro po \u03b1 arba \u03b2 skilimo i\u0161 \u0161io proceso metu i\u0161siskyrusios energijos, dar vadinamo \u03b3 per\u0117jimu. Tai n\u0117ra skilimas, nes branduolyje esan\u010di\u0173 neutron\u0173 ir proton\u0173 skai\u010dius i\u0161lieka nepakit\u0119s. Praeidami pro k\u016bn\u0105 (\u017emogaus, gyv\u016bno, vaisiaus ir kt.), proceso metu i\u0161siskyr\u0119 elektronai ir atsirad\u0119 rentgeno spinduliai suardo cheminius ry\u0161ius ir, be kita ko, sukelia l\u0105steli\u0173 ir DNR pa\u017eeidimus.<br>Svetain\u0117 <em>Radiacijos svertinis koeficientas<\/em> yra 1 ir yra kit\u0173 r\u016b\u0161i\u0173 spinduliuot\u0117s kenksmingumo organizmui etalonas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Radonas<\/strong> (Rn) - radioaktyvus elementas, kilniosios dujos, nat\u016braliai paplitusios visame pasaulyje, stabiliausias izotopas. <sup>222<\/sup>Rn, kurio pus\u0117jimo trukm\u0117 yra 3,8 dienos ir kuris susidaro skylant uranui ir rad\u017eiui. Polonio (Po) skilimo produktas, skleid\u017eiantis \u03b1 daleles ir turintis 138 dien\u0173 pus\u0117jimo trukm\u0119, yra pagrindin\u0117 pavojaus sveikatai prie\u017eastis, ypa\u010d izoptopas <sup>210<\/sup>Po <sup>212<\/sup>Po, <sup>214<\/sup>Po, <sup>216<\/sup>Po, <sup>218<\/sup>Po. Biologinis pusin\u0117s eliminacijos laikas organizme yra 50 dien\u0173.<br>\u03b1 spinduliuot\u0117 i\u0161ori\u0161kai beveik nekenkia, nes \u012fsiskverbimo gylis jau sugeriamas vir\u0161utiniame odos sluoksnyje. Ta\u010diau kadangi radonas tirpsta geriamajame vandenyje, tai yra vidin\u0117 ap\u0161vita, kuri daro tiesiogin\u012f poveik\u012f l\u0105stel\u0117ms ir gali b\u016bti kaupiama organuose.<br>Spinduliuot\u0117s svertinis koeficientas yra 20, tod\u0117l jo kenksmingumas yra dvide\u0161imt kart\u0173 didesnis nei \u03b3 spinduliuot\u0117s poveikis per t\u0105 pat\u012f laiko vienet\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Radon_%E2%80%93_als_Heilmittel\"><\/span>Radonas - kaip priemon\u0117<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Po to, kai radonas buvo apra\u0161ytas kaip kenksmingas sveikatai, pateikiame prie\u0161ing\u0105 jo naudojimo kaip gydymo priemon\u0117s aspekt\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Daugelyje SPA centr\u0173 visame pasaulyje si\u016bloma gydytis nuo radono, \u012fkvepiant radono turint\u012f or\u0105 ir geriant radono turint\u012f vanden\u012f. Daugiausia su <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/23864139\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">reumatin\u0117s ligos<\/a> ilgalaikis simptom\u0173 pager\u0117jimas, bet taip pat <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29116046\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Vir\u0161utini\u0173 ir apatini\u0173 kv\u0117pavimo tak\u0173 u\u017edegimas<\/a>kaip parodyta susijusiame tyrime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Taip pat rekomenduojame knyg\u0105 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.verlagdrkovac.de\/978-3-8300-8183-8.htm?bb=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">RADIZ Radono dokumentacijos ir informacijos centras Schlema e. V. (Red.)<\/a>Kova\u010do i\u0161leist\u0105 knyg\u0105, kurioje taip pat apra\u0161omas radono poveikio \u017emogaus organizmui medicininis pagrindas.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Messgerate\"><\/span>Matavimo prietaisai<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Pirmiau min\u0117ti Geigerio-M\u00fcllerio matuokliai paprastai aptinka \u03b2- ir \u03b3 spinduliuot\u0119 \u017eemesn\u0117je kain\u0173 kategorijoje. Matuokliai, aptinkantys \u03b1 spinduliuot\u0119, kainuoja daugiau kaip 600 eur\u0173.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Radono matavimo prietaisus, \u012fskaitant kalibravim\u0105, galima \u012fsigyti u\u017e ma\u017eiau nei 200 eur\u0173.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nam\u0173 vartotojui pakanka toki\u0173 prietais\u0173 kaip, pavyzd\u017eiui, \u03b2- \/ \u03b3-metras. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.de\/dp\/B071JWB7TJ?psc=1&amp;ref=ppx_yo2ov_dt_b_product_details\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">GMC500+<\/a> i\u0161 GQ, taip pat radono detektorius <a href=\"https:\/\/www.radonshop.com\/ftlab-radoneye-rd200-radon-gas-monitor-r222-messgeraet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">RadonEye<\/a> su Piet\u0173 Kor\u0117jos gamintojo FTLab \"Bluetooth\" ry\u0161iu, kur\u012f taip pat galima \u012fsigyti, deja, dvigubai brangesn\u012f, su WLAN ry\u0161iu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Abiejuose prietaisuose yra integruota duomen\u0173 saugykla ir skaitmeninis bei grafinis matavim\u0173 eilu\u010di\u0173 rodymas.<br>Mobiliojo ir stacionaraus Geigerio skaitiklio kei\u010diam\u0105 li\u010dio jon\u0173 baterij\u0105 galima \u012fkrauti per USB jungt\u012f. Radono detektoriui reikia 12 V nuolatin\u0117s srov\u0117s, pavyzd\u017eiui, prijungto prie maitinimo banko per StepUp DCDC keitikl\u012f arba per ki\u0161tukin\u012f maitinimo blok\u0105 ar transporto priemon\u0117s 12 V jungt\u012f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Definition_Grenz-_Richt_und_Referenzwert\"><\/span>Ribin\u0117s, orientacin\u0117s ir pamatin\u0117s vert\u0117s apibr\u0117\u017eimas<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0160i\u0173 trij\u0173 reik\u0161mi\u0173 reik\u0161m\u0117 da\u017enai painiojama, tod\u0117l pateikiame teising\u0105 apibr\u0117\u017et\u012f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ribin\u0117 vert\u0117 - neturi b\u016bti vir\u0161yta<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Orientacin\u0117 vert\u0117 - jos tur\u0117t\u0173 b\u016bti laikomasi, kad b\u016bt\u0173 galima patikimai atmesti ribini\u0173 ver\u010di\u0173 vir\u0161ijim\u0105<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Referencin\u0117 vert\u0117 - tai vos priimtina koncentracija<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Interpretation_der_Messwerte\"><\/span>I\u0161matuot\u0173 ver\u010di\u0173 ai\u0161kinimas<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Nat\u016bralioji radioaktyvioji spinduliuot\u0117 yra 0,03 ... 0,08 \u03bcSv\/h. Metin\u0117 ap\u0161vita apskai\u010diuojama taip: (0,03 x 24 x 365) \/ 100 = 0,2628 mS\/a ... (0,08 x 24 x 365) \/ 100 = 0,7008 mS\/a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ribines vertes galima interpretuoti labai \u012fvairiai. Jei prisimintume buvusias rentgeno spinduliuot\u0117s ribines vertes, \u0161iandien jos yra daug ma\u017eesn\u0117s, nes dabar galima nustatyti, koki\u0105 \u017eal\u0105 sukelia kokia doz\u0117.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0160iuo metu ma\u017edaug 100 mS\/a laikoma pavojinga sveikatai. Vienkartin\u0117 1 S doz\u0117 sukelia spindulin\u0119 lig\u0105, o 5 S doz\u0117 50% atvej\u0173 sukelia mirt\u012f per vien\u0105 m\u0117nes\u012f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Radono poveikis labai skiriasi priklausomai nuo dirvo\u017eemio pralaidumo ir urano ar rad\u017eio sankaup\u0173, tod\u0117l radono koncentracijos, rekomenduojamos kaip \"ribin\u0117s vert\u0117s\", yra skirtingos.<br>Vidutini\u0161kai galima teigti, kad 100 Bq\/m<sup>3<\/sup> kaip ribin\u0117 koncentracija patalpose, bet taip pat 200 Bq\/m<sup>3<\/sup> kai kuriose \u0161alyse vis dar laikomi priimtinais.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Radonas lengvai tirpsta vandenyje, tod\u0117l jo taip pat galima gauti su geriamuoju vandeniu arba \u012fkv\u0117pti vandens gar\u0173 gaminant maist\u0105 ar prausiantis du\u0161e. Vandentiekio tinklai ma\u017eina radono koncentracij\u0105, \u012f vanden\u012f \u012fpilant ma\u017eesn\u0117s koncentracijos vandens i\u0161 kit\u0173 \u0161altini\u0173 arba aeruojant deguonimi, kuris i\u0161 dalies pa\u0161alina radon\u0105 i\u0161 vandens.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">Skaitymo laikas<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 4<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minut\u0117s<\/span><\/span>Jonizuojan\u010dioji spinduliuot\u0117 \u017emon\u0117ms nepastebima, ji yra bekvap\u0117, beskon\u0117 ir nematoma. Ji susidaro skylant radioaktyvi\u0173j\u0173 med\u017eiag\u0173 atomams, kuri\u0173 gamtoje pasitaiko visur. Vienetai Ta\u010diau \u0161\u012f atom\u0173 skilim\u0105 galima i\u0161matuoti. U\u017e radioaktyvumo atradim\u0105 1903 m. Antuanas Anri Bekerelis kartu su Marija ir Pjeru Kiuri buvo apdovanoti Nobelio premija. Po to, kai...&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/blog\/2023\/03\/01\/ionisierende-strahlung\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Skaityti daugiau \"<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Jonizuojan\u010dioji spinduliuot\u0117<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1217],"tags":[1240,1230,1234,1229,1241,1253,1225,684,1239,1235,1242,1246,1245,1248,1249,1222,1252,1218,1226,1237,1236,1227,1221,1219,1244,1250,1251,1243,1247,103,1223,1231,1224,1232,1238,1220,1228],"class_list":["post-3553","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ionisierende-strahlung","tag-alpha-strahlung","tag-antoine-henri","tag-aequivalenz-dosis","tag-becquerel","tag-beta-strahlung","tag-bodendurchlaessigkeit","tag-curie","tag-dosis","tag-durchdringungsfaehigkeit","tag-effektiv-dosis","tag-gamma-srahlung","tag-geiger-mueller-zaehler","tag-geiger-zaehler","tag-gmc500","tag-gmc500-2","tag-grenzwert","tag-innenraum-konzentration","tag-ionisierende-strahlung","tag-marie","tag-organ","tag-organ-dosis","tag-pierre","tag-polonium","tag-radium","tag-radon","tag-radon-belastung","tag-radon-konzentration","tag-radon-strahlung","tag-radoneye","tag-referenzwert","tag-richtwert","tag-rolf-sivert","tag-sievert","tag-strahlenwichtungsfaktor","tag-strahlungsart","tag-uran","tag-walther-mueller"],"modified_by":"Achim Goerner","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3553","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3553"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3553\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3553"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3553"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/lt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3553"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}