{"id":2131,"date":"2022-07-05T19:24:59","date_gmt":"2022-07-05T19:24:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/?p=2131"},"modified":"2024-02-03T13:29:19","modified_gmt":"2024-02-03T13:29:19","slug":"reverzna-osmoza","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/blog\/2022\/07\/05\/umkehr-osmose\/","title":{"rendered":"Reverzn\u00e1 osm\u00f3za"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_83 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Obsah<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/blog\/2022\/07\/05\/umkehr-osmose\/#Einfuhrung_in_die_Umkehr-Osmose\" >\u00davod do reverznej osm\u00f3zy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/blog\/2022\/07\/05\/umkehr-osmose\/#Umkehr-Osmose-Anlagen_zur_Trinkwassergewinnung\" >Syst\u00e9my reverznej osm\u00f3zy na v\u00fdrobu pitnej vody<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/blog\/2022\/07\/05\/umkehr-osmose\/#Hygieneaspekte\" >Hygienick\u00e9 aspekty<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/blog\/2022\/07\/05\/umkehr-osmose\/#Abwasser\" >Odpadov\u00e1 voda<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/blog\/2022\/07\/05\/umkehr-osmose\/#Laufende_Kosten\" >Priebe\u017en\u00e9 n\u00e1klady<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/blog\/2022\/07\/05\/umkehr-osmose\/#Okonomie\" >Ekonomika<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u010cas \u010d\u00edtania<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 3<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">z\u00e1pisnice<\/span><\/span>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Einfuhrung_in_die_Umkehr-Osmose\"><\/span>\u00davod do reverznej osm\u00f3zy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Kto by to neza\u017eil, a pre majite\u013eov \u010dere\u0161\u0148ov\u00fdch sadov je to hr\u00f4za, praskanie zrel\u00fdch \u010dere\u0161n\u00ed po lejaku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u00f4vodom je pr\u00e1ca <em>Osm\u00f3za<\/em> (v gr\u00e9\u010dtine znamen\u00e1 \"prienik\"): Da\u017e\u010fov\u00e1 voda obsahuje ve\u013emi m\u00e1lo rozpusten\u00fdch \u010dast\u00edc. Preto m\u00e1 vysok\u00fd chemick\u00fd potenci\u00e1l.<br>Voda bohat\u00e1 na cukor v du\u017eine \u010dere\u0161ne obsahuje mnoho rozpusten\u00fdch l\u00e1tok. Preto m\u00e1 n\u00edzky chemick\u00fd potenci\u00e1l.<br>Aby sa vyrovnali rozdiely potenci\u00e1lov, du\u017eina absorbuje da\u017e\u010fov\u00fa vodu, \u010d\u00edm sa zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed objem \u010dere\u0161ne a nakoniec \u0161upka nevydr\u017e\u00ed tlak a praskne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Str\u00e1nka <em>Reverzn\u00e1 osm\u00f3za<\/em> zast\u00e1va opa\u010dn\u00fd pr\u00edstup: voda s mnoh\u00fdmi ne\u010distotami by sa mala zmeni\u0165 v koncentr\u00e1cii r\u00f4znych (\u0161kodliv\u00fdch) l\u00e1tok na vodu s mal\u00fdm mno\u017estvom (alebo bez) ne\u010dist\u00f4t.<br>Na tento \u00fa\u010del sa kontaminovan\u00e1 voda pretl\u00e1\u010da cez jemn\u00e9 membr\u00e1ny pod vysok\u00fdm tlakom. L\u00e1tky, ktor\u00e9 sa maj\u00fa odstr\u00e1ni\u0165, v nich zostan\u00fa zachyten\u00e9. V z\u00e1vislosti od jemnosti p\u00f3rov membr\u00e1ny je teraz vystupuj\u00faca voda zbaven\u00e1 ne\u010dist\u00f4t a ne\u017eiaducich l\u00e1tok, ako s\u00fa bakt\u00e9rie, v\u00edrusy, horm\u00f3ny, antibiotik\u00e1 at\u010f.<br>Aby sa prekonal osmotick\u00fd tlak pitnej vody pribli\u017ene 2 bary, mus\u00ed by\u0165 pou\u017eit\u00fd tlak aspo\u0148 o 50% vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. So zvy\u0161uj\u00facim sa obsahom soli sa zvy\u0161uje aj osmotick\u00fd tlak; slan\u00e1 voda si vy\u017eaduje ove\u013ea vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed tlak: pri nas\u00fdten\u00ed sa mus\u00ed pou\u017ei\u0165 pribli\u017ene 350 barov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Umkehr-Osmose-Anlagen_zur_Trinkwassergewinnung\"><\/span>Syst\u00e9my reverznej osm\u00f3zy na v\u00fdrobu pitnej vody<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Z\u00edskavanie pitnej vody z da\u017e\u010fovej, rie\u010dnej alebo rybni\u010dnej vody bolo p\u00f4vodnou my\u0161lienkou technol\u00f3gie reverznej osm\u00f3zy. Zariadenia vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00face tento proces sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v kr\u00edzov\u00fdch oblastiach, pri cestovan\u00ed do vesm\u00edru a v rozvojov\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ke\u010f\u017ee pitn\u00e1 voda je \u010doraz viac kontaminovan\u00e1, najm\u00e4 \u0161kodliv\u00fdmi zvy\u0161kami liekov, v\u00fdznam t\u00fdchto \u010distiacich procesov rastie aj v s\u00fakromnom sektore.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>N\u00e1sledne sa zv\u00fd\u0161ili po\u017eiadavky na filtra\u010dn\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie. K\u00fdm v minulosti bolo potrebn\u00e9 odstr\u00e1ni\u0165 len \u010dastice ne\u010dist\u00f4t s ve\u013ekos\u0165ou &gt; 10 \u00b5m, dnes je potrebn\u00e9 plni\u0165 ove\u013ea n\u00e1ro\u010dnej\u0161ie \u00falohy.<br>Filtre, ktor\u00e9 zadr\u017eiavaj\u00fa napr\u00edklad arz\u00e9n, olovo, kadmium, sod\u00edk, s\u00edrany, v\u00e1pnik, hor\u010d\u00edk, fosfore\u010dnany, chloridy, fluoridy, dusi\u010dnany, dusitany, r\u00e1dioakt\u00edvne l\u00e1tky, bakt\u00e9rie, v\u00edrusy, diox\u00edny, organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, chl\u00f3r, pestic\u00eddy, insektic\u00eddy a zvy\u0161ky liekov, pracuj\u00fa so \u0161\u00edrkou p\u00f3rov len 0,02 \u00b5m. Pre porovnanie, jemn\u00fd \u013eudsk\u00fd vlas meria 0,02 ... 0,04 mm, t. j. je 1 000-kr\u00e1t hrub\u0161\u00ed. Bakt\u00e9rie maj\u00fa ve\u013ekos\u0165 0,1 ... 700 \u00b5m a v\u00edrusy 0,015 ... 0,44 \u00b5m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Filtra\u010dn\u00e1 kapacita syst\u00e9mov reverznej osm\u00f3zy sa ud\u00e1va v GPD (gal\u00f3noch za de\u0148). 100 GPD zodpoved\u00e1 dennej produkcii 380 litrov ultra\u010distej vody.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Komer\u010dne dostupn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my zvy\u010dajne produkuj\u00fa 1 500 a\u017e 2 250 litrov za de\u0148 (400 ... 600 GPD) alebo pribli\u017ene 1,1 ... 1,5 litra za min\u00fatu a n\u00e1klady v <a href=\"https:\/\/shop.purway.de\/products\/pur-booster-quick-7-stufen-600-gpd-osmoseanlage-ersatzfilterset\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">7-stup\u0148ov\u00e1 kon\u0161trukcia filtra<\/a> 300 .. 400 eur vr\u00e1tane n\u00e1hradnej sady filtrov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hygieneaspekte\"><\/span>Hygienick\u00e9 aspekty<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ke\u010f\u017ee cez najjemnej\u0161\u00ed filter m\u00f4\u017eu prejs\u0165 len v\u00edrusy men\u0161ie ako 0,02 \u00b5m, malo by sa da\u0165 predpoklada\u0165, \u017ee neexistuj\u00fa \u017eiadne hygienick\u00e9 probl\u00e9my.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Po\u010das pr\u00e1zdnin, ke\u010f sa voda neodober\u00e1, by sa na filtroch mohli us\u00eddli\u0165 bakt\u00e9rie. Tie by v\u0161ak nemali \u0161ancu prejs\u0165 cez 0,02 \u00b5m filter. Okrem toho automatick\u00e9 intervaly preplachovania zabezpe\u010duj\u00fa, aby sa takejto koloniz\u00e1cii zabr\u00e1nilo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sterilitu 99,99% zaru\u010duj\u00fa nadv\u00e4zuj\u00face UV steriliza\u010dn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my. Voda tu pr\u00fadi pozd\u013a\u017e valca z kremenn\u00e9ho skla, v ktorom je nain\u0161talovan\u00e1 UV lampa. UV svetlo ni\u010d\u00ed bakt\u00e9rie a v\u00edrusy a zabra\u0148uje tvorbe rias.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>S <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.de\/gp\/product\/B08CVTS3BS\/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=csiag-21&amp;camp=1638&amp;creative=6742&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;creativeASIN=B08CVTS3BS&amp;linkId=d9075c40a1e9b19c90cafd696dca2275\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">16W UV lampa<\/a> 130,-, Euro je d\u00e1vka IRAY pribli\u017ene 4 000 J\/m<sup>3<\/sup> mo\u017eno realizova\u0165 - desa\u0165n\u00e1sobok \u0161tandardn\u00e9ho odpor\u00fa\u010dania v praxi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chl\u00f3r a chloram\u00edny sa rozkladaj\u00fa dostato\u010dnou d\u00e1vkou UV-C. Aby sa v\u0161ak dosiahla po\u017eadovan\u00e1 d\u00e1vka, mus\u00ed \u010disten\u00e1 voda pomaly(!) prech\u00e1dza\u0165 cez UV-C odlu\u010dova\u010d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V ide\u00e1lnom pr\u00edpade - pri ka\u017edodennej dom\u00e1cej prev\u00e1dzke - by mal by\u0165 syst\u00e9m prev\u00e1dzkovan\u00fd prostredn\u00edctvom d\u00e1vkovacieho syst\u00e9mu s n\u00edzkym prietokom (pribli\u017ene 1 liter za min\u00fatu). Voda sa odober\u00e1 z vodovodnej siete a cez d\u00e1vkovacie \u010derpadlo sa pln\u00ed do hygienickej n\u00e1dr\u017ee na pitn\u00fa vodu (objem pribli\u017ene 30 litrov alebo prisp\u00f4soben\u00fd dennej spotrebe pitnej vody) cez UV-C odlu\u010dova\u010d.<br>V\u010faka extr\u00e9mne pomal\u00e9mu prietoku je v\u00fdsledn\u00e1 voda bez chl\u00f3ru a bakt\u00e9ri\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Abwasser\"><\/span>Odpadov\u00e1 voda<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ke\u010f\u017ee pri \u010disten\u00ed vody \u010distou osm\u00f3zou vznik\u00e1 aj kontaminovan\u00e1 odpadov\u00e1 voda, efekt\u00edvna spotreba vody sa zvy\u0161uje pribli\u017ene o 100% alebo viac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Uveden\u00fd 7-stup\u0148ov\u00fd syst\u00e9m si porad\u00ed s 1 litrom odpadovej vody na 1 liter osmotickej vody.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V tomto oh\u013eade je pri in\u0161tal\u00e1cii syst\u00e9mu reverznej osm\u00f3zy v\u017edy potrebn\u00e9 odpadov\u00e9 potrubie. T\u00e1to odpadov\u00e1 voda m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 v pr\u00edpade potreby priveden\u00e1 aj do n\u00e1dr\u017eky, z ktorej sa nap\u00e1ja splachovanie toalety, za predpokladu, \u017ee s\u00fa v dome nain\u0161talovan\u00e9 dva vodn\u00e9 okruhy.  <br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Laufende_Kosten\"><\/span>Priebe\u017en\u00e9 n\u00e1klady<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Syst\u00e9m reverznej osm\u00f3zy mo\u017eno prev\u00e1dzkova\u0165 bez elektrickej energie u\u017e pri tlaku v potrub\u00ed 3 bary. Ak sa v\u0161ak nechcete zaob\u00eds\u0165 bez automatick\u00e9ho preplachovania a UV hygienickej stanice, budete potrebova\u0165 pripojenie na 230 V.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A <a href=\"https:\/\/shop.purway.de\/WASSERFILTERPATRONEN-WASSERFILTERPATRONEN-%C3%9Cbersicht-Osmose-Filter-Set-Komplett-Ersatz-fuer-PUR-Booster-Quick-7.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">V\u00fdmena filtra<\/a> ka\u017ed\u00fdch \u0161es\u0165 mesiacov stoj\u00ed pribli\u017ene 50 eur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.de\/gp\/product\/B005FU81CO\/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&amp;tag=csiag-21&amp;camp=1638&amp;creative=6742&amp;linkCode=as2&amp;creativeASIN=B005FU81CO&amp;linkId=3c22ad153a7b096d178e97a81a723cd1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UV-C lampy<\/a> maj\u00fa \u017eivotnos\u0165 8 000 ... 10 000 hod\u00edn, t. j. pribli\u017ene jeden rok, a stoja pribli\u017ene 20 EUR.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00fdsledkom je celkovo 12 ... 15 eur mesa\u010dne na fixn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady na prev\u00e1dzku.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Okonomie\"><\/span>Ekonomika<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kto chce dba\u0165 na ekonomick\u00e9 a hygienick\u00e9 h\u013eadisko, nechce, aby voda pou\u017eit\u00e1 na um\u00fdvanie riadu zmizla v odtoku bez vyu\u017eitia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Treba v\u0161ak ma\u0165 na pam\u00e4ti, \u017ee t\u00e1to oplachov\u00e1 voda obsahuje opl\u00e1chnut\u00e9 \"\u0161kodliviny\" vo vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch koncentr\u00e1ci\u00e1ch ako be\u017en\u00e1 voda, bez oh\u013eadu na jej p\u00f4vod, a preto by sa nemala pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 na hygienicky kritick\u00e9 \u00falohy!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ni\u010d v\u0161ak nemo\u017eno namieta\u0165 proti samostatn\u00e9mu pr\u00edvodu vody napr\u00edklad na splachovanie toalety.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u010cas \u010d\u00edtania<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 3<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">z\u00e1pisnice<\/span><\/span>\u00davod do reverznej osm\u00f3zy Kto to neza\u017eil, a pre majite\u013eov \u010dere\u0161\u0148ov\u00fdch sadov je to hr\u00f4za, praskanie zrel\u00fdch \u010dere\u0161n\u00ed po lejaku. D\u00f4vodom je \u00fa\u010dinok osm\u00f3zy (gr\u00e9cky v\u00fdraz pre \"prenikanie\"): Da\u017e\u010fov\u00e1 voda obsahuje ve\u013emi m\u00e1lo rozpusten\u00fdch \u010dast\u00edc. Preto m\u00e1 vysok\u00fd chemick\u00fd potenci\u00e1l a voda bohat\u00e1 na cukor v du\u017eine \u010dere\u0161n\u00ed...&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/blog\/2022\/07\/05\/umkehr-osmose\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">\u010c\u00edta\u0165 viac \"<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Reverzn\u00e1 osm\u00f3za<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[339,338],"tags":[591,588,589,590,587,586,584,592],"class_list":["post-2131","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-umkehr-osmose","category-wasser-management","tag-durchflussmenge","tag-filter","tag-hygiene","tag-keimfreiheit","tag-trinkwasser","tag-trinkwassergewinnung","tag-umkehr-osmose","tag-uv-c-klaerer"],"modified_by":"Achim Goerner","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2131","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2131"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2131\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2131"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2131"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2131"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}