{"id":8971,"date":"2025-01-21T10:20:54","date_gmt":"2025-01-21T10:20:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/?p=8971"},"modified":"2025-01-21T15:55:51","modified_gmt":"2025-01-21T15:55:51","slug":"svetove-nabozenstva","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/blog\/2025\/01\/21\/weltreligionen\/","title":{"rendered":"Svetov\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Obsah<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/blog\/2025\/01\/21\/weltreligionen\/#Islam\" >Islam<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/blog\/2025\/01\/21\/weltreligionen\/#Hinduismus\" >Hinduizmus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/blog\/2025\/01\/21\/weltreligionen\/#Buddhismus\" >Budhizmus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/blog\/2025\/01\/21\/weltreligionen\/#Judentum\" >Judaizmus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/blog\/2025\/01\/21\/weltreligionen\/#Sikhismus\" >Sikhizmus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/blog\/2025\/01\/21\/weltreligionen\/#Bahai-Glaube\" >Bah\u00e1jska viera<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/blog\/2025\/01\/21\/weltreligionen\/#Daoismus\" >Taoizmus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/blog\/2025\/01\/21\/weltreligionen\/#Konfuzianismus\" >Konfucianizmus<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/blog\/2025\/01\/21\/weltreligionen\/#Shintoismus\" >\u0160intoizmus<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u010cas \u010d\u00edtania<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 22<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">z\u00e1pisnice<\/span><\/span>\n<p>Najzn\u00e1mej\u0161ie svetov\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1 s\u00fa <em>Islam<\/em>, <em>Hinduizmus<\/em>, <em>Budhizmus<\/em>, <em>Judaizmus<\/em>, <em>Sikhizmus<\/em>, <em>Bah\u00e1jska viera<\/em>, <em>Taoizmus<\/em>, <em><em>Konfucianizmus<\/em><\/em> a <em>\u0160intoizmus<\/em>ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa stru\u010dne op\u00edsan\u00e9 ni\u017e\u0161ie.<br>Okrem kres\u0165anstva, ktor\u00e9 na celom svete ob\u00fdva pribli\u017ene 2,3 miliardy \u013eud\u00ed, existuje dev\u00e4\u0165 \u010fal\u0161\u00edch ve\u013ek\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstiev (v zostupnom porad\u00ed):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Islam\"><\/span>Islam<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Str\u00e1nka <em>Islam<\/em> m\u00e1 na celom svete pribli\u017ene 1,9 miliardy sledovate\u013eov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee <em>Islam<\/em> druh\u00e9 najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo na svete. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina <em>Moslimovia<\/em> \u017eije v \u00c1zii, najm\u00e4 v krajin\u00e1ch ako Indon\u00e9zia, Pakistan, India, Banglad\u00e9\u0161, Turecko a Ir\u00e1n. Ve\u013ek\u00e9 moslimsk\u00e9 komunity \u017eij\u00fa aj v Afrike, na Bl\u00edzkom v\u00fdchode a v Eur\u00f3pe, ako aj v Severnej Amerike a Austr\u00e1lii, kde ich po\u010det rastie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Str\u00e1nka <em>Islam<\/em> vych\u00e1dza z u\u010denia <em>Prorok Mohamed<\/em> a sv\u00e4t\u00e1 kniha <em>Kor\u00e1n<\/em>. <em>Moslimovia<\/em> veri\u0165 v jedn\u00e9ho Boha, <em>Alah<\/em>a postupujte pod\u013ea <em>P\u00e4\u0165 pilierov islamu<\/em>ktor\u00e9 predstavuj\u00fa hlavn\u00e9 postupy viery a konania. Dva najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie pr\u00fady v <em>Islam<\/em> s\u00fa <em>Sunniti<\/em> a <em>\u0160\u00editi<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Str\u00e1nka <em>Islam<\/em> je monoteistick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo, ktor\u00e9 zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje vieru v jedin\u00e9ho Boha (Alaha), prorokov, Kor\u00e1n, anjelov a posledn\u00fd de\u0148. P\u00e4\u0165 pilierov <em>Islam<\/em> tvoria z\u00e1klad islamskej praxe a zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa vyznanie viery, modlitbu, almu\u017enu, p\u00f4st a p\u00fa\u0165. . <em>Islam<\/em> priklad\u00e1 ve\u013ek\u00fd v\u00fdznam mor\u00e1lke, etick\u00e9mu spr\u00e1vaniu, spolo\u010denstvu veriacich a zodpovednosti ka\u017ed\u00e9ho jednotlivca pred Bohom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>'1. <strong>Viera v jedin\u00e9ho Boha (Alaha)<\/strong>Monoteizmus (Tawhid): . <em>Islam<\/em> je pr\u00edsne monoteistick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo. Veriaci v <em>Islam<\/em> veri\u0165 v Boha ako jedin\u00e9ho Boha. Alah je stvorite\u013e vesm\u00edru, v\u0161emoh\u00faci, v\u0161evediaci a milosrdn\u00fd. Nem\u00e1 \u017eiadneho partnera ani deti. Viera v Alaha je \u00fastredn\u00fdm princ\u00edpom <em>Islam<\/em>.<br><strong>Jednota Boha (Tawhid)<\/strong> znamen\u00e1, \u017ee Alah je jedine\u010dn\u00fd vo svojej podstate, atrib\u00fatoch a v\u00f4li a okrem neho nemo\u017eno uctieva\u0165 \u017eiadne subjekty alebo bohov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. <strong>Viera v anjelov<\/strong>Moslimovia veria v anjelov ako bo\u017esk\u00e9 bytosti, ktor\u00e9 sl\u00fa\u017eia Bohu a vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa ur\u010dit\u00e9 \u00falohy. S\u00fa nevidite\u013en\u00ed a nem\u00f4\u017eu p\u00e1cha\u0165 hriechy. Jedn\u00fdm z najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edch anjelov je D\u017eibril (Gabriel), ktor\u00fd zvestoval Alahove zjavenia prorokom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. <strong>Viera vo sv\u00e4t\u00e9 p\u00edsma<\/strong>Str\u00e1nka <em>Islam<\/em> uzn\u00e1va nieko\u013eko sv\u00e4t\u00fdch p\u00edsiem zjaven\u00fdch Bohom. Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie z nich s\u00fa:<br><strong>Kor\u00e1n<\/strong>Posledn\u00e9 a neomyln\u00e9 Bo\u017eie slovo, ktor\u00e9 Mohamed dostal v priebehu 23 rokov prostredn\u00edctvom anjela Gabriela. Kor\u00e1n je \u00fastrednou n\u00e1bo\u017eenskou knihou <em>Islam<\/em> a pova\u017euje sa za kone\u010dn\u00e9 a dokonal\u00e9 zjavenie.<br><strong>Taurat<\/strong> (T\u00f3ra), <strong>\u017dalmy (Zabur)<\/strong> a <strong>Evanjelium (Injil)<\/strong>Tieto knihy boli predt\u00fdm zjaven\u00e9 prorokom, ako boli Moj\u017ei\u0161, D\u00e1vid a Je\u017ei\u0161. Kor\u00e1n pova\u017euje tieto spisy za pravdiv\u00e9, ale \u010dasom sa zmenili.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kor\u00e1n je najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edm zdrojom islamsk\u00e9ho u\u010denia, pr\u00e1va a mor\u00e1lnych hodn\u00f4t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. <strong>Viera v prorokov<\/strong>Str\u00e1nka <em>Islam<\/em> u\u010d\u00ed vieru v prorokov ako odovzd\u00e1vate\u013eov bo\u017esk\u00e9ho posolstva. Moslimovia veria, \u017ee Alah v priebehu storo\u010d\u00ed poslal prorokov mnoh\u00fdm \u013eu\u010fom, aby ohlasovali jeho posolstvo.<br>Posledn\u00fd a najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00ed prorok <em>Islam<\/em> je Mohamed, ktor\u00fd je pova\u017eovan\u00fd za \"pe\u010da\u0165 prorokov\". Je posledn\u00fdm, prostredn\u00edctvom ktor\u00e9ho bolo zoslan\u00e9 posledn\u00e9 zjavenie, Kor\u00e1n. \u010eal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00ed proroci v <em>Islam<\/em> Adam, Noe, Abrah\u00e1m, Moj\u017ei\u0161, D\u00e1vid, Je\u017ei\u0161 a mnoh\u00ed \u010fal\u0161\u00ed.<br>Mohamed je pova\u017eovan\u00fd za dokonal\u00e9ho \u010dloveka a vzor pre v\u0161etk\u00fdch moslimov. Jeho slov\u00e1 a skutky s\u00fa zaznamenan\u00e9 v had\u00edsoch, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm zdrojom islamskej praxe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. <strong>Viera v posledn\u00fd de\u0148 (s\u00fadny de\u0148)<\/strong>Moslimovia veria v posledn\u00fd de\u0148, v ktor\u00fd sa v\u0161etci \u013eudia bud\u00fa pred Bohom zodpoveda\u0165 za svoje skutky v \u017eivote. V tento de\u0148 bude vesm\u00edr zni\u010den\u00fd a v\u0161etci \u013eudia bud\u00fa vzkriesen\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlovek bude s\u00faden\u00fd za svoje dobr\u00e9 a zl\u00e9 skutky a kone\u010dn\u00fd s\u00fad ur\u010d\u00ed, \u010di vst\u00fapi do raja (D\u017eanna) alebo do pekla (D\u017eah\u00e1nnam).<br>Veriaci, ktor\u00ed splnili svoje povinnosti vo\u010di Bohu, n\u00e1jdu ve\u010dn\u00fa rados\u0165 v raji, zatia\u013e \u010do t\u00ed, ktor\u00ed zanedbali svoje povinnosti, m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 potrestan\u00ed peklom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. <strong>P\u00e4\u0165 pilierov islamu<\/strong>: P\u00e4\u0165 pilierov <em>Islam<\/em> s\u00fa z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 povinnosti, ktor\u00e9 by mal ka\u017ed\u00fd moslim plni\u0165, aby viedol \u017eivot mil\u00fd Bohu. S\u00fa to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0160ah\u00e1da (vyznanie viery)<\/strong>Vyznanie Alaha ako jedin\u00e9ho Boha a Mohameda ako jeho proroka. Znie: \"Nie je in\u00e9ho boha okrem Alaha a Mohamed je posol Alaha.\"<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0160al\u00e1t (modlitba)<\/strong>Moslimovia s\u00fa povinn\u00ed modli\u0165 sa p\u00e4\u0165kr\u00e1t denne (Fajr, Dhuhr, Asr, Maghrib, Isha). Tieto modlitby sl\u00fa\u017eia na spojenie veriaceho s Bohom a na po\u017eiadanie ho o vedenie.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zak\u00e1t (almu\u017ena)<\/strong>Moslimovia by mali venova\u0165 \u010das\u0165 svojich pr\u00edjmov na charitu. Zak\u00e1t je povinn\u00fd pr\u00edspevok vo v\u00fd\u0161ke 2,5 % ro\u010dn\u00e9ho pr\u00edjmu na pomoc n\u00fadznym a podporu soci\u00e1lnej spravodlivosti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sawm (p\u00f4st po\u010das ramad\u00e1nu)<\/strong>Po\u010das mesiaca ramad\u00e1n s\u00fa moslimovia povinn\u00ed dodr\u017eiava\u0165 p\u00f4st od v\u00fdchodu do z\u00e1padu slnka. Zdr\u017eiavaj\u00fa sa jedla, pitia, faj\u010denia a sexu\u00e1lnych aktiv\u00edt, aby sa s\u00fastredili na duchovn\u00fa o\u010distu a sebaovl\u00e1danie.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Had\u017ed\u017e (p\u00fa\u0165 do Mekky)<\/strong>Ka\u017ed\u00fd moslim, ktor\u00fd je toho finan\u010dne a fyzicky schopn\u00fd, by mal raz v \u017eivote absolvova\u0165 p\u00fa\u0165 do Mekky. Had\u017ed\u017e je d\u00f4le\u017eitou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou islamskej viery a znakom jednoty moslimov na celom svete.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>7. <strong>Koncept Bo\u017eej v\u00f4le (Qadar)<\/strong>Moslimovia veria v Qadar, \u010do znamen\u00e1 vieru v bo\u017esk\u00fd osud. V\u0161etko, \u010do sa deje vo vesm\u00edre, je ur\u010den\u00e9 Bo\u017eou v\u00f4\u013eou. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 maj\u00fa \u013eudia slobodu rozhodova\u0165 sa a nies\u0165 zodpovednos\u0165 za svoje \u010diny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>8. <strong>V\u00fdznam spolo\u010denstva (ummy)<\/strong>Str\u00e1nka <em>Islam<\/em> zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje v\u00fdznam spolo\u010denstva (ummy) veriacich. Moslimovia s\u00fa s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou celosvetov\u00e9ho spolo\u010denstva, ktor\u00e9 sp\u00e1ja spolo\u010dn\u00e1 viera v Boha a proroka Mohameda. Umma zav\u00e4zuje veriacich k solidarite, podpore a bratstvu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>9. <strong>V\u00fdznam mor\u00e1lky a etick\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t<\/strong>Str\u00e1nka <em>Islam<\/em> kladie d\u00f4raz na rozvoj mor\u00e1lnych a etick\u00fdch hodn\u00f4t, ako s\u00fa \u010destnos\u0165, spravodlivos\u0165, s\u00facit, skromnos\u0165 a \u00facta k druh\u00fdm. Moslimovia s\u00fa povzbudzovan\u00ed, aby \u017eili svoj \u017eivot v s\u00falade so z\u00e1sadami Kor\u00e1nu a u\u010den\u00edm proroka Mohameda.<br>S\u00fa tu aj po\u010detn\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1 t\u00fdkaj\u00face sa medzi\u013eudsk\u00fdch vz\u0165ahov, ako napr\u00edklad zaobch\u00e1dzanie s rodi\u010dmi, susedmi, sirotami a chudobn\u00fdmi, ako aj d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 odpustenia a milosrdenstva.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>10. <strong>D\u017eih\u00e1d (sv\u00e4t\u00e1 vojna)<\/strong>Pojem d\u017eih\u00e1d doslova znamen\u00e1 \"\u00fasilie\" alebo \"boj\". Odkazuje na duchovn\u00fd a mor\u00e1lny boj veriaceho, ktor\u00fd sa sna\u017e\u00ed sta\u0165 lep\u0161\u00edm \u010dlovekom a plni\u0165 v\u00f4\u013eu Alaha. Tento pojem sa \u010dasto nespr\u00e1vne ch\u00e1pe a v mnoh\u00fdch s\u00favislostiach sa sp\u00e1ja s n\u00e1siln\u00fdmi \u010dinmi. V p\u00f4vodnom kontexte d\u017eih\u00e1d znamen\u00e1 predov\u0161etk\u00fdm vn\u00fatorn\u00fd boj proti hriechu a snahu o spravodliv\u00fd \u017eivot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hinduismus\"><\/span>Hinduizmus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pribli\u017ene 1,2 miliardy \u013eud\u00ed, najm\u00e4 v Indii a Nep\u00e1le, sa venuje <em>Hinduizmus<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Str\u00e1nka <em>Hinduizmus<\/em> je tret\u00edm najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvom na svete. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina <em>Hinduisti<\/em> \u017eije v Indii, kde sa k tomuto n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvu hl\u00e1si pribli\u017ene 80 % obyvate\u013eov, ako aj v Nep\u00e1le, kde sa k tomuto n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvu hl\u00e1si <em>Hinduizmus<\/em> je \u0161t\u00e1tnym n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvom a v Banglad\u00e9\u0161i, Indon\u00e9zii a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch juho\u00e1zijsk\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 hinduistick\u00e9 komunity \u017eij\u00fa aj v z\u00e1padn\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch, najm\u00e4 v d\u00f4sledku migr\u00e1cie, napr\u00edklad v USA, Spojenom kr\u00e1\u013eovstve, Kanade, na Fid\u017ei a Maur\u00edciu. . <em>Hinduizmus<\/em> je jedn\u00fdm z najstar\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstiev na svete a vyzna\u010duje sa rozmanitos\u0165ou prakt\u00edk, filozofi\u00ed a trad\u00edci\u00ed, hoci nem\u00e1 jednotn\u00fa \u0161trukt\u00faru ani posv\u00e4tn\u00e9 p\u00edsmo ako v <em>Kres\u0165anstvo<\/em> alebo <em>Islam<\/em> m\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Str\u00e1nka <em>Hinduizmus<\/em> je n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia zalo\u017een\u00e1 na hlbokej duchovnej filozofii, ktor\u00e1 zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje snahu o osvietenie, prekonanie utrpenia a zjednotenie s bo\u017estvom. Medzi jej hlavn\u00e9 presved\u010denia patr\u00ed idea Brahmanu ako najvy\u0161\u0161ieho boha, Atmanu ako nesmrte\u013enej du\u0161e, z\u00e1kony karmy, kolobeh sams\u00e1ry a cie\u013e oslobodenia mok\u0161a. Okrem toho prax jogy, medit\u00e1cia a uctievanie bo\u017estiev zohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa \u00fastredn\u00fa \u00falohu v ka\u017edodennom \u017eivote veriacich.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. <strong>Monoteizmus a polyteizmus<\/strong>: Viera v najvy\u0161\u0161iu bytos\u0165 (Brahman): . <em>Hinduizmus<\/em> ver\u00ed v jedin\u00fd, nekone\u010dn\u00fd a v\u0161eobj\u00edmaj\u00faci bo\u017esk\u00fd princ\u00edp naz\u00fdvan\u00fd Brahman, ktor\u00fd tvor\u00ed z\u00e1klad vesm\u00edru. Brahman je vn\u00edman\u00fd ako transcendentn\u00fd a imanentn\u00fd, t. j. je nad v\u0161etk\u00fdmi formami a z\u00e1rove\u0148 je pr\u00edtomn\u00fd vo v\u0161etkom.<br><strong>R\u00f4zne bo\u017estv\u00e1<\/strong>Hoci je Brahman najvy\u0161\u0161\u00edm princ\u00edpom, v praxi sa \u010dasto uctieva prostredn\u00edctvom r\u00f4znych bo\u017estiev, ktor\u00e9 predstavuj\u00fa aspekty Brahmanu. Tieto bo\u017estv\u00e1, ako napr\u00edklad Brahma (stvorite\u013e), Vi\u0161nu (uchov\u00e1vate\u013e), \u0160iva (ni\u010dite\u013e) a mnoh\u00e9 \u010fal\u0161ie, s\u00fa s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou rozmanitosti v <em>Hinduizmus<\/em>. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 bo\u017estvo m\u00e1 svoju vlastn\u00fa hist\u00f3riu, aspekty a formy uctievania.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. <strong>Atman (nesmrte\u013en\u00e1 du\u0161a)<\/strong>V <em>Hinduizmus<\/em> ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlovek je pova\u017eovan\u00fd za s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 nekone\u010dn\u00e9ho Brahmanu a prav\u00e9 ja \u010dloveka je Atman, nesmrte\u013en\u00e1 du\u0161a. Atman je bo\u017esk\u00fd a nepominute\u013en\u00fd, net\u00fdka sa ho zrodenie a smr\u0165, ale je zapojen\u00fd do ve\u010dn\u00e9ho kolobehu znovuzrodenia (samsara).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. <strong>Sams\u00e1ra a reinkarn\u00e1cia<\/strong>: <strong>Samsara<\/strong> sa vz\u0165ahuje na cyklus zrodenia, smrti a znovuzrodenia. Hinduisti veria, \u017ee du\u0161a sa po smrti znovuzrod\u00ed v novom tele. Toto znovuzrodenie z\u00e1vis\u00ed od karmy, \u010dinov jednotlivca v predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facom \u017eivote. Dobr\u00e9 skutky ved\u00fa k lep\u0161iemu znovuzrodeniu, zatia\u013e \u010do zl\u00e9 skutky ved\u00fa k hor\u0161iemu \u017eivotu.<br>Kone\u010dn\u00fdm cie\u013eom hinduistov je unikn\u00fa\u0165 z kolobehu sams\u00e1ry a dosiahnu\u0165 mok\u0161u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. <strong>Karma a dharma: Karma<\/strong> je z\u00e1kon pr\u00ed\u010diny a n\u00e1sledku. Pod\u013ea neho m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010din - \u010di u\u017e dobr\u00fd alebo zl\u00fd - d\u00f4sledky, ktor\u00e9 sa prejavia v \u010fal\u0161om \u017eivote. Karma ovplyv\u0148uje \u017eivot \u010dloveka a ur\u010duje jeho znovuzrodenie.<br><strong>Dharma<\/strong> sa vz\u0165ahuje na etick\u00e9 a mor\u00e1lne povinnosti jednotlivca, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa v s\u00falade s kozmick\u00fdm poriadkom a spolo\u010densk\u00fdmi normami. Dharma je individu\u00e1lna a m\u00f4\u017ee sa l\u00ed\u0161i\u0165 v z\u00e1vislosti od veku, pohlavia, povolania a spolo\u010densk\u00e9ho postavenia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. <strong>Mok\u0161a (oslobodenie)<\/strong>: <strong>Moksha<\/strong> je kone\u010dn\u00fdm cie\u013eom <em>Hinduizmus<\/em> a znamen\u00e1 oslobodenie od sams\u00e1ry, kolobehu znovuzrodenia a utrpenia. Mok\u0161a sa dosiahne, ke\u010f si du\u0161a uvedom\u00ed svoju prav\u00fa podstatu a spoj\u00ed sa s Brahmanom. To sa deje prostredn\u00edctvom duchovnej realiz\u00e1cie, oddanosti, medit\u00e1cie a nasledovania bo\u017esk\u00fdch z\u00e1sad.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. <strong>Posv\u00e4tn\u00e9 spisy hinduizmu<\/strong>Str\u00e1nka <em>Hinduizmus<\/em> m\u00e1 mno\u017estvo sv\u00e4t\u00fdch p\u00edsiem. Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie z nich s\u00fa:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Vedy<\/strong>: Najstar\u0161ie a najposv\u00e4tnej\u0161ie texty <em>Hinduizmus<\/em>ktor\u00e9 obsahuj\u00fa liturgick\u00e9 hymny, modlitby a filozofick\u00e9 u\u010denie.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Upani\u0161\u00e1dy<\/strong>Filozofick\u00e9 spisy, ktor\u00e9 poskytuj\u00fa hlb\u0161\u00ed duchovn\u00fd poh\u013ead na Brahman, Atman a povahu reality.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bhagavadg\u00edta<\/strong>V\u00fdznamn\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1raty, epick\u00e9ho diela, ktor\u00e9 opisuje dial\u00f3g medzi princom Ard\u017eunom a bohom Kri\u0161nom. Bhagavadg\u00edta sa zaober\u00e1 t\u00e9mami dharmy, karmy, bhakti (oddanosti) a mok\u0161e.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>R\u00e1m\u00e1jana a Mah\u00e1bh\u00e1rata<\/strong>Dva ve\u013ek\u00e9 epick\u00e9 pr\u00edbehy, ktor\u00e9 rozpr\u00e1vaj\u00fa o R\u00e1movi a Kri\u0161novi a obsahuj\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 mor\u00e1lne a filozofick\u00e9 ponau\u010denia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>7. <strong>Joga a medit\u00e1cia<\/strong>Joga je duchovn\u00e1 prax zameran\u00e1 na o\u010distenie tela a mysle, z\u00edskanie kontroly nad vlastnou mys\u013eou a duchovn\u00fa realiz\u00e1ciu. Existuj\u00fa r\u00f4zne druhy jogy:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Hatha joga<\/strong>: Fyzick\u00e9 cvi\u010denia na podporu zdravia a du\u0161evnej \u010distoty.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Karma joga<\/strong>Cesta nezi\u0161tnej slu\u017eby a \u010dinnosti bez prip\u00fatanosti k v\u00fdsledku.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bhakti joga<\/strong>Cesta oddanosti a uctievania bo\u017estva.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>D\u017e\u0148\u00e1na joga<\/strong>: Cesta m\u00fadrosti a realiz\u00e1cie Ja a Brahman.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>R\u00e1d\u017ea joga<\/strong>Kr\u00e1\u013eovsk\u00e1 cesta, ktor\u00e1 zah\u0155\u0148a medit\u00e1ciu a duchovn\u00fa discipl\u00ednu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Medit\u00e1cia je \u00fastrednou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou jogy a duchovn\u00e9ho \u017eivota, ktor\u00e1 sl\u00fa\u017ei na upokojenie mysle a pre\u017e\u00edvanie vy\u0161\u0161ieho ja.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>8. <strong>Kastov\u00fd syst\u00e9m (syst\u00e9m Varna)<\/strong>Kastov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, zn\u00e1my aj ako varna syst\u00e9m, rozde\u013euje spolo\u010dnos\u0165 do \u0161tyroch hlavn\u00fdch kateg\u00f3ri\u00ed alebo \"varn\":<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Brahmani<\/strong> (K\u0148azi a u\u010denci)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>K\u0161atrijovia<\/strong> (Bojovn\u00edci a vl\u00e1dcovia)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>V\u00e1i\u0161ja<\/strong> (Obchodn\u00edci a po\u013enohospod\u00e1ri)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0160\u00fadrovia<\/strong> (robotn\u00edci a sluhovia)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>T\u00e1to kategoriz\u00e1cia v\u0161ak nie je v modernej praxi bez diskusie a viedla k soci\u00e1lnej nespravodlivosti, najm\u00e4 vo forme diskrimin\u00e1cie dalitov (predt\u00fdm \"nedotknute\u013en\u00fdch\").<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>9. <strong>Festivaly a ritu\u00e1ly<\/strong>Str\u00e1nka <em>Hinduizmus<\/em> zah\u0155\u0148a r\u00f4zne sviatky a ritu\u00e1ly, ktor\u00e9 sa oslavuj\u00fa v r\u00f4znych regi\u00f3noch a komunit\u00e1ch. Niektor\u00e9 z najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edch festivalov s\u00fa:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Diwali<\/strong>Sviatok svetiel, ktor\u00fd oslavuje v\u00ed\u0165azstvo svetla nad tmou a dobra nad zlom.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Holi<\/strong>Jarn\u00fd sviatok farieb, ktor\u00fd oslavuje l\u00e1sku medzi Kri\u0161nom a R\u00e1dhou a symbolizuje rados\u0165 zo \u017eivota.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Navaratri<\/strong>Dev\u00e4\u0165d\u0148ov\u00fd festival zasv\u00e4ten\u00fd bohyni Durge, ktor\u00fd oslavuje v\u00ed\u0165azstvo dobra nad zlom.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ritu\u00e1ly a obrady s\u00fa \u010dasto d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 v <em>Hinduizmus<\/em>Najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edmi udalos\u0165ami v \u017eivote s\u00fa p\u00fad\u017ea (uctievanie) bo\u017estiev, uctievanie predkov a sviatky spojen\u00e9 s d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdmi \u017eivotn\u00fdmi udalos\u0165ami, ako je narodenie, svadba a smr\u0165.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>10. <strong>Rozmanitos\u0165 a tolerancia<\/strong>Str\u00e1nka <em>Hinduizmus<\/em> je zn\u00e1me svojou rozmanitos\u0165ou trad\u00edci\u00ed, filozofi\u00ed a postupov. Zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje toleranciu vo\u010di r\u00f4znym vierovyznaniam a podporuje my\u0161lienku, \u017ee existuje mnoho ciest k osvieteniu a pochopeniu bo\u017estva.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Buddhismus\"><\/span>Budhizmus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Str\u00e1nka <em>Budhizmus<\/em> pripad\u00e1 na pribli\u017ene 520 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed po\u010det <em>Budhisti<\/em> \u017eije v \u00c1zii, najm\u00e4 v krajin\u00e1ch ako \u010c\u00edna, Thajsko, Vietnam, Mjanmarsko, Sr\u00ed Lanka, Kambod\u017ea, Japonsko, K\u00f3rea a Tibet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Str\u00e1nka <em>Budhizmus<\/em> je ve\u013emi rozmanit\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo, ktor\u00e9 sa vyzn\u00e1va v r\u00f4znych trad\u00edci\u00e1ch. Medzi najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie pr\u00fady patria <em>Therav\u00e1dov\u00fd budhizmus<\/em>ktor\u00e1 je roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e1 najm\u00e4 v juhov\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zii, v <em>Mah\u00e1j\u00e1nov\u00fd budhizmus<\/em>ktor\u00e1 dominuje vo v\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zii (vr\u00e1tane \u010c\u00edny, Japonska a K\u00f3rey), a vad\u017eraj\u00e1nov\u00e9<em>Budhizmus<\/em>ktor\u00fd sa praktizuje najm\u00e4 v Tibete a himal\u00e1jskych oblastiach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hoci <em>Budhizmus<\/em> je roz\u0161\u00edren\u00fd najm\u00e4 v \u00c1zii, ale aj tam rastie <em>Budhistick\u00e9 komunity<\/em> v z\u00e1padn\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 si z\u00edskavaj\u00fa \u010doraz viac priaznivcov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Str\u00e1nka <em>Budhizmus<\/em> je duchovn\u00e1 prax, ktor\u00e1 zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje cestu k osvieteniu prostredn\u00edctvom prekon\u00e1vania utrpenia a rozv\u00edjania m\u00fadrosti, s\u00facitu a v\u0161\u00edmavosti. K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 presved\u010denia zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa pochopenie utrpenia a jeho pr\u00ed\u010din, praktizovanie u\u0161\u013eachtilej osem\u010dlennej cesty, koncept nest\u00e1losti a ne-ja a snahu o nirv\u00e1nu - stav oslobodenia a vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho pokoja.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. <strong>\u0160tyri vzne\u0161en\u00e9 pravdy<\/strong>: \u0160tyri u\u0161\u013eachtil\u00e9 pravdy s\u00fa z\u00e1kladnou koncepciou <em>Budhizmus<\/em> a tvoria z\u00e1klad celej praxe:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Pravda o utrpen\u00ed (dukkha)<\/strong>\u017divot je neodmyslite\u013ene spojen\u00fd s utrpen\u00edm a nespokojnos\u0165ou, \u010di u\u017e ide o fyzick\u00e9 alebo psychick\u00e9 utrpenie. V\u0161etko v \u017eivote je pominute\u013en\u00e9 a aj pr\u00edjemn\u00e9 z\u00e1\u017eitky sprev\u00e1dza utrpenie, preto\u017ee s\u00fa v kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku pominute\u013en\u00e9.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pravda o p\u00f4vode utrpenia (samud\u00e1ja)<\/strong>Utrpenie vznik\u00e1 z t\u00fa\u017eby (tanha), prip\u00fatanosti a nevedomosti. Tieto t\u00fa\u017eby a prip\u00fatanosti ved\u00fa k t\u00fa\u017ebe a lipnutiu na veciach, ktor\u00e9 nie s\u00fa trval\u00e9, \u010do n\u00e1sledne sp\u00f4sobuje utrpenie.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pravda o ukon\u010den\u00ed utrpenia (Nirodha)<\/strong>Existuje stav, v ktorom je utrpenie prekonan\u00e9. Tento stav je nirv\u00e1na, kone\u010dn\u00fd koniec utrpenia, ktor\u00fd sa dosiahne vzdan\u00edm sa t\u00fa\u017eob a prip\u00fatanost\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Pravda o ceste k ukon\u010deniu utrpenia (Magga)<\/strong>Cestou k ukon\u010deniu utrpenia je u\u0161\u013eachtil\u00e1 osem\u010dlenn\u00e1 cesta, ktor\u00e1 zah\u0155\u0148a mno\u017estvo etick\u00fdch a praktick\u00fdch discipl\u00edn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>2. <strong>U\u0161\u013eachtil\u00e1 osem\u010dlenn\u00e1 cesta<\/strong>U\u0161\u013eachtil\u00e1 osem\u010dlenn\u00e1 cesta je cestou k prekonaniu utrpenia a dosiahnutiu osvietenia. Zah\u0155\u0148a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Prav\u00fd poh\u013ead<\/strong> (M\u00fadros\u0165): M\u00fadros\u0165: Spr\u00e1vny poh\u013ead na podstatu reality, najm\u00e4 na \u0161tyri u\u0161\u013eachtil\u00e9 pravdy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Spr\u00e1vny z\u00e1mer<\/strong> (m\u00fadros\u0165): M\u00fadros\u0165: postoj s\u00facitu, nezi\u0161tnosti a z\u00e1meru prekona\u0165 utrpenie.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Spr\u00e1vny prejav<\/strong> (etika): \u00daprimn\u00e1, l\u00e1skav\u00e1 a kon\u0161trukt\u00edvna komunik\u00e1cia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Spr\u00e1vne konanie<\/strong> (Etika): Etick\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie, ktor\u00e9 je v s\u00falade s mor\u00e1lnymi z\u00e1sadami, ako napr\u00edklad vyh\u00fdbanie sa zab\u00edjaniu, kr\u00e1de\u017ei a nevhodn\u00e9mu spr\u00e1vaniu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Spr\u00e1vne \u017eivobytie<\/strong> (etika): \u017divot, ktor\u00fd sa riadi etick\u00fdmi z\u00e1sadami a nevykon\u00e1va \u0161kodliv\u00e9 \u010dinnosti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Spr\u00e1vne \u00fasilie<\/strong> (medit\u00e1cia): Snaha vyhn\u00fa\u0165 sa \u0161kodliv\u00fdm my\u0161lienkam a rozv\u00edja\u0165 pozit\u00edvne vlastnosti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Spr\u00e1vna v\u0161\u00edmavos\u0165<\/strong> (medit\u00e1cia): V\u0161\u00edmavos\u0165 a uvedomenie si ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u010dinu a okamihu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Spr\u00e1vna koncentr\u00e1cia<\/strong> (Medit\u00e1cia): Medit\u00e1cia: medita\u010dn\u00e1 prax na dosiahnutie stavu vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho pokoja a vh\u013eadu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>3. <strong>Koncept anatta (ne-ja)<\/strong>V <em>Budhizmus<\/em> existuje pojem anatta, \"nie-ja\" alebo \"nie-ja\". To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee neexistuje \u017eiadne trval\u00e9, nemenn\u00e9 \"ja\" alebo \"ja\". V\u0161etko, \u010do vn\u00edmame ako \"ja\" - na\u0161e telo, my\u0161lienky a em\u00f3cie - je nest\u00e1le a pozost\u00e1va len z plyn\u00faceho pr\u00fadu sk\u00fasenost\u00ed. Lipnutie na my\u0161lienke pevn\u00e9ho \"ja\" je zdrojom mnoh\u00fdch na\u0161ich utrpen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. <strong>Koncept pominute\u013enosti (ani\u010dka)<\/strong>Anicca znamen\u00e1 \"pominute\u013enos\u0165\". V\u0161etko v \u017eivote je v neust\u00e1lom pohybe - ni\u010d nezost\u00e1va nav\u017edy rovnak\u00e9. V\u0161etko, \u010do existuje, podlieha neust\u00e1lemu procesu zmeny. Toto uvedomenie vedie k poznaniu, \u017ee lipnutie na pominute\u013en\u00fdch veciach sp\u00f4sobuje utrpenie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. <strong>Karma a znovuzrodenie<\/strong>Karma je z\u00e1kon pr\u00ed\u010diny a n\u00e1sledku. Pod\u013ea neho m\u00e1 ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010din - fyzick\u00fd, verb\u00e1lny alebo du\u0161evn\u00fd - svoje d\u00f4sledky. Dobr\u00e9 \u010diny ved\u00fa k pozit\u00edvnym v\u00fdsledkom, zatia\u013e \u010do \u0161kodliv\u00e9 \u010diny ved\u00fa k negat\u00edvnej karme, ktor\u00e1 zasa m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 bud\u00face utrpenie.<br>Znovuzrodenie je \u010fal\u0161\u00edm \u00fastredn\u00fdm pojmom v <em>Budhizmus<\/em>. Nejde o nesmrte\u013en\u00fa du\u0161u, ale o nepretr\u017eit\u00fd tok karmick\u00fdch energi\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 rozhoduj\u00fa o znovuzroden\u00ed v novom \u017eivote. Cie\u013eom je prekona\u0165 kolobeh znovuzroden\u00ed (sams\u00e1ru) a dosiahnu\u0165 nirv\u00e1nu, stav oslobodenia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. <strong>Nirv\u00e1na (osvietenie)<\/strong>Nirv\u00e1na je kone\u010dn\u00fdm cie\u013eom <em>Budhizmus<\/em>. Je to stav osvietenia, oslobodenia od sams\u00e1ry (kolobehu zrodenia, smrti a znovuzrodenia) a utrpenia. Nirv\u00e1na znamen\u00e1 \u00fapln\u00e9 opustenie prip\u00fatanosti, t\u00fa\u017eby a nevedomosti a dosiahnutie vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho pokoja a m\u00fadrosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7. <strong>S\u00facit (Karuna) a m\u00fadros\u0165 (Prajna)<\/strong>: S\u00facit (karuna) je \u00fastrednou hodnotou <em>Budhizmus<\/em>. Ide o rozpoznanie utrpenia druh\u00fdch a pr\u00e1cu pre ich dobro. M\u00fadros\u0165 (prad\u017ena) je vh\u013ead do pravej podstaty reality, uvedomenie si nest\u00e1losti a pr\u00e1zdnoty v\u0161etk\u00fdch vec\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>8. <strong>Medit\u00e1cia a v\u0161\u00edmavos\u0165<\/strong>Medit\u00e1cia je z\u00e1kladnou praxou v <em>Budhizmus<\/em>. Sl\u00fa\u017ei na rozvoj pozornosti, koncentr\u00e1cie a m\u00fadrosti. R\u00f4zne medita\u010dn\u00e9 praktiky, ako napr\u00edklad vipassana (medit\u00e1cia vh\u013eadu) a samatha (upokojenie), sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na upokojenie mysle, zostrenie vedomia a z\u00edskanie hlb\u0161ieho vh\u013eadu do skuto\u010dnej povahy vec\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>9. <strong>P\u00e4\u0165 Silasov (etika)<\/strong>Str\u00e1nka <strong>P\u00e4\u0165 Silasov<\/strong> s\u00fa z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 etick\u00e9 pr\u00edkazy, ktor\u00e9 by sa mali dodr\u017eiava\u0165 v ka\u017edodennom \u017eivote:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Nezab\u00edjajte<\/strong>\u00dacta ku v\u0161etk\u00e9mu \u017eivotu a vyh\u00fdbanie sa n\u00e1siliu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nekradnite<\/strong>Poctivos\u0165 a \u00facta k majetku in\u00fdch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u017diadne sexu\u00e1lne zneu\u017e\u00edvanie<\/strong>Re\u0161pekt a zodpovednos\u0165 pri rie\u0161en\u00ed vz\u0165ahov.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Neklamte<\/strong>: Pravdivos\u0165 v komunik\u00e1cii.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u017diadna intoxik\u00e1cia<\/strong>Vyhnite sa drog\u00e1m alebo alkoholu, ktor\u00e9 zatem\u0148uj\u00fa myse\u013e a oslabuj\u00fa v\u0161\u00edmavos\u0165.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Judentum\"><\/span>Judaizmus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Str\u00e1nka <em>Judaizmus<\/em> pozn\u00e1 pribli\u017ene 15 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed <em>\u017didovsk\u00e1 komunita<\/em> \u017eije v Izraeli, kde \u017eije pribli\u017ene 6,9 mili\u00f3na <em>\u017didia<\/em> nasleduj\u00fa Spojen\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1ty, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa druh\u00fd najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed <em>\u017didovsk\u00e9 obyvate\u013estvo<\/em> s pribli\u017ene 5,7 mili\u00f3na obyvate\u013eov. \u010eal\u0161ie d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 <em>\u017didovsk\u00e9 komunity<\/em> existuj\u00fa v krajin\u00e1ch ako Franc\u00fazsko, Kanada, Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1\u013eovstvo a Argent\u00edna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Str\u00e1nka <em>Judaizmus<\/em> je jedn\u00fdm z najstar\u0161\u00edch monoteistick\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstiev na svete a je zalo\u017een\u00e9 na posv\u00e4tn\u00fdch spisoch T\u00f3ry. Je to n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo a z\u00e1rove\u0148 kult\u00farna identita, ktor\u00e1 je pevne spojen\u00e1 s hist\u00f3riou a trad\u00edciami <em>\u017didovsk\u00fd n\u00e1rod<\/em> je pripojen\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. <strong>Monoteizmus<\/strong>: Hlavn\u00e9 presved\u010denie <em>Judaizmus<\/em> je monoteizmus, viera v jedin\u00e9ho, v\u0161emoh\u00faceho, v\u0161evediaceho a nevidite\u013en\u00e9ho Boha. Tento Boh, naz\u00fdvan\u00fd YHWH (Jahve), je stvorite\u013eom vesm\u00edru a zdrojom v\u0161etk\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Je ve\u010dn\u00fd a nemenn\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. <strong>Zmluva medzi Bohom a izraelsk\u00fdm \u013eudom<\/strong>Str\u00e1nka <em>Judaizmus<\/em> je zalo\u017een\u00fd na zmluve medzi Bohom a izraelsk\u00fdm \u013eudom. T\u00e1to zmluva bola najprv uzavret\u00e1 s Abrah\u00e1mom, ktor\u00fd je pova\u017eovan\u00fd za otca \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda. Nesk\u00f4r bola zmluva obnoven\u00e1 s Moj\u017ei\u0161om, ke\u010f vyviedol izraelsk\u00fd \u013eud z otroctva v Egypte a dal mu T\u00f3ru (z\u00e1kon).<br>Zmluva zav\u00e4zuje \u017eidovsk\u00fd \u013eud dodr\u017eiava\u0165 Bo\u017eie prik\u00e1zania a Boh na opl\u00e1tku s\u013eubuje, \u017ee ho bude chr\u00e1ni\u0165 a po\u017eehn\u00e1va\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. <strong>T\u00f3ra a prik\u00e1zania<\/strong>: T\u00f3ra je posv\u00e4tn\u00fd text <em>Judaizmus<\/em> a zah\u0155\u0148a prv\u00fdch p\u00e4\u0165 kn\u00edh Biblie (Genesis, Exodus, Levitikus, Numeri, Deuteron\u00f3mium). Obsahuje historick\u00e9 pr\u00edbehy aj z\u00e1kony, ktor\u00fdmi sa riadi \u017eidovsk\u00fd \u017eivot a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 prax.<br>T\u00f3ra obsahuje 613 prik\u00e1zan\u00ed (micvot), ktor\u00e9 upravuj\u00fa spr\u00e1vanie veriacich. Zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 aj mor\u00e1lne pravidl\u00e1 a t\u00fdkaj\u00fa sa ka\u017edodenn\u00e9ho \u017eivota, napr\u00edklad pravidiel stravovania (k\u00f3\u0161er), modlitby, soboty a sviatkov.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. <strong>Koncept dobra a zla<\/strong>V <em>Judaizmus<\/em> existuje my\u0161lienka, \u017ee \u013eudia s\u00fa obdaren\u00ed slobodnou v\u00f4\u013eou, a preto si m\u00f4\u017eu vybra\u0165 medzi dobrom a zlom. Tikkun Olam (zlep\u0161enie sveta) je princ\u00edp, ktor\u00fd zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje zodpovednos\u0165 za konanie dobra a zlep\u0161enie \u017eivota jednotlivca i spolo\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. <strong>V\u00fdznam Mesi\u00e1\u0161a<\/strong>Str\u00e1nka <em>Judaizmus<\/em> ver\u00ed v bud\u00faci pr\u00edchod Mesi\u00e1\u0161a, spasite\u013ea, ktor\u00fd prinesie mier na zem, privedie \u017eidovsk\u00fd n\u00e1rod sp\u00e4\u0165 do zas\u013e\u00fabenej zeme a privedie svet do obdobia prosperity a spravodlivosti. Mesi\u00e1\u0161 v\u0161ak e\u0161te nepri\u0161iel a nie je pova\u017eovan\u00fd za bo\u017esk\u00fa postavu, ako je to v kres\u0165anstve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. <strong>\u017divot po smrti<\/strong>: N\u00e1zory na posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot sa v <em>Judaizmus<\/em> r\u00f4znorod\u00e9. Neexistuje jednotn\u00e1 koncepcia, ale mnoh\u00ed \u017didia veria v ur\u010dit\u00fa formu vzkriesenia m\u0155tvych a posledn\u00e9ho s\u00fadu, pri ktorom sa ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlovek zodpoved\u00e1 za svoj \u017eivot. Niektor\u00e9 \u017eidovsk\u00e9 pr\u00fady zd\u00f4raz\u0148uj\u00fa koncept odmeny a trestu v posmrtnom \u017eivote, zatia\u013e \u010do in\u00e9 sa viac zameriavaj\u00fa na \u017eivot v pr\u00edtomnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7. <strong>Posv\u00e4tn\u00e9 miesta a ritu\u00e1ly<\/strong>: Na najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ie posv\u00e4tn\u00e9 miesta <em>Judaizmus<\/em> zah\u0155\u0148a \u00fazemie Izraela, najm\u00e4 Jeruzalem a Chr\u00e1mov\u00fa horu, ktor\u00e1 sa pova\u017euje za miesto, kde v staroveku st\u00e1l Chr\u00e1m. Str\u00e1nka <em>Judaizmus<\/em> zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 \u0161abatu, t\u00fd\u017edenn\u00e9ho d\u0148a odpo\u010dinku, ktor\u00fd sa za\u010d\u00edna v piatok ve\u010der a kon\u010d\u00ed v sobotu ve\u010der \u010eal\u0161\u00edmi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdmi \u017eidovsk\u00fdmi sviatkami s\u00fa Pesach (Ve\u013ek\u00e1 noc), Jom Kipur (De\u0148 zmierenia), Sukot (Sviatok st\u00e1nkov) a \u0160avuot (Sviatok t\u00fd\u017ed\u0148ov), ktor\u00e9 pripom\u00ednaj\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 udalosti v \u017eidovskej hist\u00f3rii a zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa ur\u010dit\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>8. <strong>Viera v spravodlivos\u0165 a pr\u00e1vo<\/strong>Str\u00e1nka <em>Judaizmus<\/em> kladie ve\u013ek\u00fd d\u00f4raz na spravodlivos\u0165, rovnos\u0165 a soci\u00e1lnu zodpovednos\u0165. Mnoh\u00e9 z prik\u00e1zan\u00ed sa t\u00fdkaj\u00fa sp\u00f4sobu, ak\u00fdm by sa \u013eudia mali spr\u00e1va\u0165 k sebe navz\u00e1jom, napr\u00edklad prostredn\u00edctvom prik\u00e1zania l\u00e1sky k bl\u00ed\u017enemu (Hessed) a povinnosti stara\u0165 sa o chudobn\u00fdch a n\u00fadznych.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>9. <strong>Etika a mor\u00e1lka<\/strong>: Etick\u00e9 u\u010denie <em>Judaizmus<\/em> klad\u00fa d\u00f4raz na \u010destnos\u0165, spravodlivos\u0165, odpustenie, milosrdenstvo a \u00factu k \u017eivotu. \u0160alom (pokoj) je \u00fastredn\u00fdm pojmom, ktor\u00fd zohr\u00e1va d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa \u00falohu v medzi\u013eudsk\u00fdch vz\u0165ahoch, ako aj v na\u0161om vz\u0165ahu k Bohu a svetu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>10. <strong>\u017didovsk\u00e1 komunita<\/strong>Str\u00e1nka <em>Judaizmus<\/em> priklad\u00e1 ve\u013ek\u00fd v\u00fdznam komunite (kehilla). \u017didovsk\u00e1 komunita zohr\u00e1va d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa \u00falohu v n\u00e1bo\u017eenskom \u017eivote, preto\u017ee spolo\u010dn\u00e9 modlitby, sviatky a ritu\u00e1ly posil\u0148uj\u00fa puto medzi veriacimi a sprev\u00e1dzaj\u00fa individu\u00e1lny \u017eivot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>11. <strong>Halacha - \u017eidovsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo<\/strong>Halacha je \u017eidovsk\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo pozost\u00e1vaj\u00face z T\u00f3ry, \u00fastnych trad\u00edci\u00ed (Talmud a Mi\u0161na) a neskor\u0161\u00edch rab\u00ednskych rozhodnut\u00ed. Upravuje nielen n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 zvyky, ale aj ka\u017edodenn\u00fd \u017eivot vr\u00e1tane stravovac\u00edch n\u00e1vykov, obliekania, man\u017eelstva, pr\u00e1ce a spolo\u010denskej zodpovednosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sikhismus\"><\/span>Sikhizmus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Pribli\u017ene 30 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed na celom svete, najm\u00e4 v Indii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina z nich \u017eije v Indii, najm\u00e4 v \u0161t\u00e1te <em>Pand\u017e\u00e1b<\/em>ktor\u00fd sa pova\u017euje za duchovn\u00e9 centrum <em>Sikhizmus<\/em> plat\u00ed. Str\u00e1nka <em>Sikhizmus<\/em> bola zalo\u017een\u00e1 v 15. storo\u010d\u00ed <em>Guru Nanak<\/em> a deviatich \u010fal\u0161\u00edch guruov, ktor\u00ed ho nasledovali, a zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje jednotu Boha, rovnos\u0165 v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed a \u017eivot v slu\u017ebe druh\u00fdm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hoci <em>Sikhizmus<\/em> preva\u017ene v Indii, existuj\u00fa aj v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 <em>Sikhsk\u00e9 komunity<\/em> v krajin\u00e1ch, ako je Spojen\u00e9 kr\u00e1\u013eovstvo, Kanada, USA, Malajzia a Austr\u00e1lia, v d\u00f4sledku migr\u00e1cie a glob\u00e1lneho \u0161\u00edrenia n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva. Str\u00e1nka <em>Sikhizmus<\/em> je monoteistick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo, ktor\u00e9 vo svojej praxi sp\u00e1ja vieru, medit\u00e1ciu a soci\u00e1lnu zodpovednos\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Monoteizmus<\/strong>Str\u00e1nka <em>Sikhizmus<\/em> ver\u00ed v jedin\u00e9ho, nedelite\u013en\u00e9ho Boha, ktor\u00fd sa naz\u00fdva \"Waheguru\". Boh je stvorite\u013eom vesm\u00edru, je v\u0161emocn\u00fd, v\u0161evediaci a v\u0161adepr\u00edtomn\u00fd. Je mimo \u010dasu a priestoru a je nepredstavite\u013en\u00fd, ale rozpoznate\u013en\u00fd prostredn\u00edctvom svojho stvorenia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Guru Granth Sahib ako \u017eiv\u00fd Guru<\/strong>: Sv\u00e4t\u00e9 p\u00edsmo sikhov <strong>Guru Granth Sahib<\/strong>je uctievan\u00fd ako posledn\u00fd a ve\u010dn\u00fd guru. Po smrti desiateho gurua Guru Gobind Singha vyhl\u00e1sil posv\u00e4tn\u00e9 p\u00edsmo za najvy\u0161\u0161ieho duchovn\u00e9ho sprievodcu, ktor\u00fd obsahuje m\u00fadros\u0165 a poznanie v\u0161etk\u00fdch guruov.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Viera v reinkarn\u00e1ciu<\/strong>Sikhovia veria v znovuzrodenie du\u0161e (reinkarn\u00e1ciu) a v to, \u017ee kone\u010dn\u00fdm cie\u013eom je spojenie s Bohom. Du\u0161a prech\u00e1dza mnoh\u00fdmi \u017eivotmi na z\u00e1klade z\u00e1kona karmy - skutkov jednotlivca. Dobr\u00e9 skutky ved\u00fa k lep\u0161iemu \u017eivotu, zatia\u013e \u010do zl\u00e9 skutky ved\u00fa k ni\u017e\u0161iemu stavu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cesta k zjednoteniu s Bohom<\/strong>Sikhovia sa sna\u017eia dosiahnu\u0165 priame spojenie s Bohom prostredn\u00edctvom oddanosti Bohu, medit\u00e1cie o bo\u017eskom mene (Nam Japna), spr\u00e1vneho konania (Dharma) a podpory n\u00fadznych. Duchovn\u00fdm cie\u013eom je oslobodi\u0165 sa z kolobehu reinkarn\u00e1ci\u00ed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Viera v sevu (nezi\u0161tn\u00fa slu\u017ebu)<\/strong>Str\u00e1nka <em>Sikhizmus<\/em> priklad\u00e1 ve\u013ek\u00fd v\u00fdznam nezi\u0161tnej slu\u017ebe druh\u00fdm (seva). Sikhovia by mali pom\u00e1ha\u0165 in\u00fdm \u013eu\u010fom, najm\u00e4 t\u00fdm, ktor\u00ed to potrebuj\u00fa, bez oh\u013eadu na n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo alebo p\u00f4vod. T\u00e1to z\u00e1sada zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje altruizmus a spolo\u010dn\u00e9 dobro.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rovnos\u0165 a bratstvo<\/strong>Str\u00e1nka <em>Sikhizmus<\/em> hl\u00e1sa rovnos\u0165 v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed bez oh\u013eadu na ich rasu, pohlavie alebo soci\u00e1lne postavenie. V\u0161etci \u013eudia s\u00fa si pred Bohom rovn\u00ed a neexistuj\u00fa \u017eiadne hierarchick\u00e9 rozdiely. \u017deny a mu\u017ei maj\u00fa rovnak\u00fa duchovn\u00fa d\u00f4stojnos\u0165 a zodpovednos\u0165.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Odmietanie ritu\u00e1lov a povier<\/strong>: <em>Sikhizmus<\/em> odmieta pr\u00e1zdne ritu\u00e1ly a povery. Uctievanie by malo prebieha\u0165 jednoduch\u00fdm a autentick\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom bez toho, aby sa vyu\u017e\u00edvalo vonkaj\u0161\u00edch ritu\u00e1lov alebo magick\u00fdch prakt\u00edk. Viera by mala pozost\u00e1va\u0165 z oddanosti a konania v s\u00falade s bo\u017eskou mor\u00e1lkou a spravodlivos\u0165ou.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>P\u00e4\u0165 C (p\u00e4\u0165 symbolov viery)<\/strong>Sikhovia, ktor\u00ed sa v ur\u010ditom okamihu svojho \u017eivota stali <em>Sikhizmus<\/em> P\u00e4\u0165 symbolov (tzv. \"p\u00e4\u0165 C\") sa pou\u017e\u00edva na ozna\u010denie piatich profesi\u00ed:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Kesh<\/strong> (vlasy): Vlasy: nezmenen\u00e9, dlh\u00e9 vlasy, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa symbolom prijatia bo\u017eskej v\u00f4le.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kangha<\/strong> (hrebe\u0148): Hrebe\u0148 na \u00fapravu vlasov, ktor\u00fd symbolizuje \u010distotu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kara<\/strong> (\u017eelezn\u00fd n\u00e1ramok): N\u00e1ramok z ocele, ktor\u00fd n\u00e1m pripom\u00edna na\u0161e ve\u010dn\u00e9 spojenie s Bohom.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kachera<\/strong> (Dlh\u00e9 nohavice): Odev, ktor\u00fd symbolizuje \u010distotu a sebakontrolu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kirpan<\/strong> (me\u010d): Mal\u00fd me\u010d symbolizuje ochranu pravdy a spravodlivosti a ochotu br\u00e1ni\u0165 utl\u00e1\u010dan\u00fdch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sikhsk\u00e1 komunita a Sangat<\/strong>Viera zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje v\u00fdznam spolo\u010denstva (sangat) a spolo\u010dnej modlitby. Spolo\u010dn\u00e1 bohoslu\u017eba, pri ktorej sa recituje Guru Granth Sahib, je \u00fastrednou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou \u017eivota viery.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>P\u00e4\u0165 cnost\u00ed<\/strong>Sikhovia sa vo svojom \u017eivote sna\u017eia realizova\u0165 p\u00e4\u0165 cnost\u00ed:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Sat (pravda)<\/strong>: Pravda v my\u0161lienkach, slov\u00e1ch a skutkoch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Santokh (poslu\u0161nos\u0165 a spokojnos\u0165)<\/strong>Spokojnos\u0165 s t\u00fdm, \u010do m\u00e1te.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Daya (s\u00facit a milosrdenstvo)<\/strong>S\u00facit so v\u0161etk\u00fdmi \u017eiv\u00fdmi bytos\u0165ami.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dhan (prosperita a \u0161tedros\u0165)<\/strong>D\u00e1va\u0165 a deli\u0165 sa s ostatn\u00fdmi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Nimrata (pokora)<\/strong>Skromnos\u0165 a pokora vo vz\u0165ahu k druh\u00fdm.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bahai-Glaube\"><\/span>Bah\u00e1jska viera<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>7 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed je z\u00e1visl\u00fdch od <em>Bah\u00e1jska viera<\/em> na.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Str\u00e1nka <em>Bah\u00e1jske spolo\u010denstvo<\/em> je jedn\u00fdm z najr\u00fdchlej\u0161ie rast\u00facich svetov\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstiev a je zast\u00fapen\u00e9 vo viac ako 200 krajin\u00e1ch a \u00fazemiach. Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie <em>Bah\u00e1jske spolo\u010denstv\u00e1<\/em> sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa v krajin\u00e1ch ako India, Ir\u00e1n a Afrika.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Str\u00e1nka <em>Bah\u00e1jska viera<\/em> je monoteistick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo, ktor\u00e9 v 19. storo\u010d\u00ed zalo\u017eil <em>Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h<\/em> (1817-1892). Zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje jednotu \u013eudstva, vieru v jedin\u00e9ho Boha a z\u00e1sady spravodlivosti, mieru a rovnosti. Str\u00e1nka <em>Bah\u00e1'\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo<\/em> m\u00e1 za cie\u013e podporova\u0165 duchovn\u00fd a soci\u00e1lny rozvoj \u013eudstva a umo\u017eni\u0165 budovanie glob\u00e1lneho spolo\u010denstva.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Monoteizmus<\/strong>Bah\u00e1ji veria v jedin\u00e9ho Boha, ktor\u00fd je Stvorite\u013eom vesm\u00edru a vo svojej podstate je nepochopite\u013en\u00fd. Boh sa v\u0161ak zjavuje v r\u00f4znych n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch zjaveniach, ktor\u00e9 v priebehu dej\u00edn odovzd\u00e1vali r\u00f4zni proroci, napr\u00edklad Abrah\u00e1m, Moj\u017ei\u0161, Je\u017ei\u0161, Mohamed a napokon Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jednota \u013eudstva<\/strong>: \u00dastrednou z\u00e1sadou <em>Bah\u00e1jska viera<\/em> je presved\u010denie, \u017ee v\u0161etci \u013eudia s\u00fa si rovn\u00ed bez oh\u013eadu na rasu, etnick\u00fd p\u00f4vod alebo kult\u00farne z\u00e1zemie. Zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje, \u017ee \u013eudstvo tvor\u00ed jeden neoddelite\u013en\u00fd celok.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jednota n\u00e1bo\u017eenstiev<\/strong>Bah\u00e1ji u\u010dia, \u017ee v\u0161etky hlavn\u00e9 svetov\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1 poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa od toho ist\u00e9ho Boha a \u017ee rozdiely medzi nimi s\u00fa sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 len odli\u0161n\u00fdm historick\u00fdm a kult\u00farnym kontextom. N\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1 sa pova\u017euj\u00fa za r\u00f4zne kapitoly bo\u017esk\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h ako najnov\u0161\u00ed Bo\u017e\u00ed manifest<\/strong>Bah\u00e1ji veria, \u017ee Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h je najnov\u0161\u00edm prorokom alebo manifestom Boha a priniesol posolstvo mieru, jednoty a spravodlivosti, ktor\u00e9 je aktu\u00e1lne pre dne\u0161ok.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sloboda a zodpovednos\u0165<\/strong>Viera zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje v\u00fdznam slobodnej vo\u013eby a zmyslu pre osobn\u00fa zodpovednos\u0165. Bah\u00e1ji by mali akt\u00edvne prispieva\u0165 k tomu, aby sa svet stal lep\u0161\u00edm miestom, a to prostredn\u00edctvom cnost\u00ed, ako s\u00fa pravda, spravodlivos\u0165, l\u00e1ska a \u00facta ku v\u0161etk\u00fdm \u013eu\u010fom.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Z\u00e1kaz diskrimin\u00e1cie<\/strong>Bah\u00e1ji odmietaj\u00fa v\u0161etky formy diskrimin\u00e1cie, \u010di u\u017e na z\u00e1klade pohlavia, rasy, triedy, n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva alebo n\u00e1rodnosti. \u017deny a mu\u017ei by mali ma\u0165 rovnak\u00e9 pr\u00e1va a podpora rodovej rovnosti je d\u00f4le\u017eitou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou viery.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Svetov\u00fd mier a medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e1 spolupr\u00e1ca<\/strong>Str\u00e1nka <em>Bah\u00e1jska viera<\/em> sa zasadzuje za svetov\u00fd mier, medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fa spolupr\u00e1cu a vytvorenie glob\u00e1lnej spolo\u010dnosti zalo\u017eenej na spravodlivosti a jednote.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u017divot po smrti<\/strong>Bah\u00e1ji veria v posmrtn\u00fd \u017eivot, v ktorom du\u0161a na\u010falej existuje a je v neust\u00e1lom stave duchovn\u00e9ho rozvoja. Sk\u00fasenosti v tomto \u017eivote ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa stav du\u0161e v posmrtnom \u017eivote.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Jednota vedy a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstva<\/strong>Bah\u00e1ji veria, \u017ee veda a n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo s\u00fa dva vz\u00e1jomne sa dop\u013a\u0148aj\u00face sp\u00f4soby h\u013eadania pravdy. Oba by mali harmonicky spolupracova\u0165 na podpore blaha \u013eudstva.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Tieto z\u00e1sady mo\u017eno n\u00e1js\u0165 v spisoch <em>Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h<\/em> a neskor\u0161\u00ed bah\u00e1jski vodcovia. Na str\u00e1nke <em>Bah\u00e1jska viera<\/em> vyz\u00fdva nasledovn\u00edkov, aby akt\u00edvne pracovali na zlep\u0161en\u00ed sveta a podporovali ducha jednoty, mieru a spolupr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Daoismus\"><\/span>Taoizmus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Na <em>Taoizmus<\/em> (tie\u017e <em>Taoizmus<\/em> Skupinu tvor\u00ed 12 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed, najm\u00e4 v \u010c\u00edne, ale aj na celom svete.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Str\u00e1nka <em>Taoizmus<\/em> je hlboko zakorenen\u00e1 v tamoj\u0161ej kult\u00fare a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch zvykoch. Ch\u00e1pe sa ako n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e1 trad\u00edcia aj ako filozofick\u00fd syst\u00e9m. . <em>Taoizmus<\/em> zah\u0155\u0148a r\u00f4zne viery a praktiky, z ktor\u00fdch niektor\u00e9 sa zameriavaj\u00fa na ritu\u00e1ly, medit\u00e1ciu a uctievanie bo\u017estiev, zatia\u013e \u010do in\u00e9 zd\u00f4raz\u0148uj\u00fa viac filozofick\u00e9 aspekty \u017eivota, ako sa uv\u00e1dza v spisoch <em>Dao De Jing<\/em> z adresy <em>Laozi<\/em> a u\u010denie <em>Zhuangzi<\/em> sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mnoh\u00ed \u013eudia v \u010c\u00edne, na Taiwane a v in\u00fdch \u010dastiach v\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zie, ktor\u00ed praktizuj\u00fa taoizmus, ho nemusia pova\u017eova\u0165 za \"n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo\" v z\u00e1padnom zmysle, ale za s\u00fa\u010das\u0165 svojich kult\u00farnych trad\u00edci\u00ed a duchovnej praxe. Aj v in\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch s \u010d\u00ednskou diasp\u00f3rou existuj\u00fa komunity, ktor\u00e9 praktizuj\u00fa taoistick\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly a princ\u00edpy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Konfuzianismus\"><\/span>Konfucianizmus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Str\u00e1nka <em>Konfucianizmus<\/em> praktizuje pribli\u017ene 6 ... 7 mili\u00f3nov \u013eud\u00ed, najm\u00e4 v \u010c\u00edne, Ju\u017enej K\u00f3rei, Japonsku, Vietname a na Taiwane.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Str\u00e1nka <em>Konfucianizmus<\/em> sa ch\u00e1pe predov\u0161etk\u00fdm ako filozofick\u00e1 a etick\u00e1 trad\u00edcia. V t\u00fdchto krajin\u00e1ch <em>Konfucianizmus<\/em> \u010dasto nie je n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvom v tradi\u010dnom zmysle, ale sk\u00f4r sp\u00f4sobom \u017eivota a mor\u00e1lnym syst\u00e9mom, ktor\u00fd formuje soci\u00e1lne spr\u00e1vanie, rodinn\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary a vl\u00e1dnu politiku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>V \u010c\u00edne, kde <em>Konfucianizmus<\/em> historicky zakorenen\u00e9, je \u010dasto pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za kult\u00farny z\u00e1klad, aj ke\u010f nie ka\u017ed\u00fd, kto vyzn\u00e1va konfuci\u00e1nske hodnoty, sa pova\u017euje za \"st\u00fapenca\" konfuci\u00e1nskej viery. <em>Konfucianizmus<\/em> v n\u00e1bo\u017eenskom zmysle. Je preto \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 ur\u010di\u0165 presn\u00fd po\u010det \"st\u00fapencov\" <em>Konfucianizmus<\/em> ke\u010f\u017ee mnoh\u00ed \u013eudia za\u010dle\u0148uj\u00fa Konfuciovo u\u010denie do svojho ka\u017edodenn\u00e9ho \u017eivota bez toho, aby ho definovali ako n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Str\u00e1nka <em>Konfucianizmus<\/em> je etick\u00e1 a filozofick\u00e1 trad\u00edcia, ktor\u00e1 je silne zalo\u017een\u00e1 na podpore mor\u00e1lneho spr\u00e1vania, soci\u00e1lnej harm\u00f3nie a rodinnej zodpovednosti. Prostredn\u00edctvom pojmov \u013eudskos\u0165 (<em>Ren<\/em>), Ritu\u00e1l (<em>Li<\/em>), z\u00e1v\u00e4zok pobo\u010dky (<em>Xiao<\/em>) a ide\u00e1l u\u0161\u013eachtil\u00e9ho \u010dloveka (<em>Junzi<\/em>) <em>Konfucianizmus<\/em> za spravodliv\u00fa a dobre organizovan\u00fa spolo\u010dnos\u0165, v ktorej ka\u017ed\u00fd preber\u00e1 zodpovednos\u0165 za blaho spolo\u010denstva a poriadok vo vesm\u00edre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u013dudstvo (Ren):<\/strong> Ren je \u00fastredn\u00fdm etick\u00fdm konceptom v <em>Konfucianizmus<\/em> a \u010dasto sa preklad\u00e1 ako \"\u013eudskos\u0165\" alebo \"s\u00facit\". Znamen\u00e1 to praktizovanie najhlb\u0161ej formy medzi\u013eudskej l\u00e1skavosti a s\u00facitu. Ren znamen\u00e1 schopnos\u0165 ch\u00e1pa\u0165 pocity a potreby druh\u00fdch a pod\u013ea toho kona\u0165. Je to mor\u00e1lne jadro <em>Konfucianizmus<\/em> a t\u00fdka sa sp\u00f4sobu, ak\u00fdm by mali \u013eudia medzi sebou komunikova\u0165.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ritu\u00e1ly a \u00facta (Li)<\/strong>: <em>Li <\/em>sa vz\u0165ahuje na ritu\u00e1ly, obrady a spr\u00e1vne plnenie spolo\u010densk\u00fdch noriem a povinnost\u00ed. Nejde len o n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly, ale aj o v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 spolo\u010densk\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie, ktor\u00e9 podporuje harm\u00f3niu v spolo\u010dnosti. <em>Li<\/em> zah\u0155\u0148a \u00factu k star\u0161\u00edm \u013eu\u010fom, predkom a hierarchii v rodine a spolo\u010dnosti. \u00dacta k <em><strong>Li<\/strong>-Standardy <\/em>sa pova\u017euje za nevyhnutn\u00fd na udr\u017eanie spolo\u010densk\u00e9ho poriadku.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zodpovednos\u0165 a cnos\u0165 (Xiao): <\/strong><em>Xiao<\/em> je synovsk\u00e1 povinnos\u0165 a zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje d\u00f4le\u017eitos\u0165 \u00facty a re\u0161pektu k rodi\u010dom a predkom. V konfuci\u00e1nskej filozofii sa pova\u017euje za najz\u00e1kladnej\u0161iu cnos\u0165. Zah\u0155\u0148a starostlivos\u0165 o rodi\u010dov v starobe aj \u00faprimn\u00fa spomienku a \u00factu k predkom. Rodina je stredobodom spolo\u010densk\u00e9ho a mor\u00e1lneho \u017eivota a vz\u0165ah k rodi\u010dom a predkom sa pova\u017euje za z\u00e1klad budovania harmonickej spolo\u010dnosti.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rovnov\u00e1ha a harm\u00f3nia<\/strong>Str\u00e1nka <em>Konfucianizmus<\/em> usiluje o harmonick\u00fa spolo\u010dnos\u0165, v ktorej v\u0161etci \u010dlenovia poznaj\u00fa a plnia svoje spolo\u010densk\u00e9 povinnosti. Rovnov\u00e1ha a poriadok s\u00fa \u00fastredn\u00fdmi princ\u00edpmi, ktor\u00e9 by sa mali realizova\u0165 na osobnej aj spolo\u010denskej \u00farovni. Harm\u00f3nia je stav, v ktorom si v\u0161etci \u013eudia plnia svoje povinnosti v r\u00e1mci svojej \u00falohy v spolo\u010dnosti, pri\u010dom sa zachov\u00e1va rovnov\u00e1ha medzi individu\u00e1lnou slobodou a soci\u00e1lnym poriadkom.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0160\u013eachetn\u00fd mu\u017e (Junzi)<\/strong>Str\u00e1nka <em>Junzi<\/em> (\"u\u0161\u013eachtil\u00fd \u010dlovek\" alebo \"dobr\u00fd \u010dlovek\") je ide\u00e1lom v <em>Konfucianizmus<\/em>. Ozna\u010duje niekoho, kto steles\u0148uje mor\u00e1lnu integritu a cnos\u0165 na vysokej \u00farovni. . <em>Junzi<\/em> sa sna\u017e\u00ed by\u0165 zdrojom mor\u00e1lnej m\u00fadrosti a vplyvu a sl\u00fa\u017ei ako vzor pre ostatn\u00fdch. Nejedn\u00e1 z vlastn\u00e9ho z\u00e1ujmu, ale v s\u00falade so z\u00e1sadami <em>Ren<\/em> (\u013eudskos\u0165), <em>Li<\/em> (ritu\u00e1l a \u00facta) a <em>Xiao<\/em> (z\u00e1v\u00e4zok pobo\u010dky).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Vzdelanie a m\u00fadros\u0165<\/strong>Vzdel\u00e1vanie zohr\u00e1va \u00fastredn\u00fa \u00falohu v <em>Konfucianizmus<\/em>. Z\u00edskavanie vedomost\u00ed a snaha o m\u00fadros\u0165 s\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 na podporu vlastn\u00e9ho mor\u00e1lneho rozvoja a na vytvorenie lep\u0161ej spolo\u010dnosti. Konfucius zd\u00f4raz\u0148oval v\u00fdznam vzdel\u00e1vania ako cesty k sebazdokona\u013eovaniu a ako sp\u00f4sobu z\u00edskavania m\u00fadrosti a etick\u00fdch z\u00e1sad.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Harm\u00f3nia medzi nebom a \u010dlovekom<\/strong>V <em>Konfucianizmus<\/em> vz\u0165ah medzi \u010dlovekom a nebom (<em>Tian<\/em>) je tematizovan\u00fd. Tian sa nech\u00e1pe ako boh, ale ako kozmick\u00e1 sila alebo princ\u00edp, ktor\u00fd predstavuje poriadok a mor\u00e1lku vo vesm\u00edre. \u010clovek mus\u00ed \u017ei\u0165 v s\u00falade s Tianom, \u010do znamen\u00e1 dodr\u017eiava\u0165 svoje mor\u00e1lne povinnosti a spr\u00e1vny spolo\u010densk\u00fd poriadok.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rovnos\u0165 a spravodlivos\u0165<\/strong>Hoci <em>Konfucianizmus<\/em> Uzn\u00e1va hierarchiu a soci\u00e1lne roly, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje v\u00fdznam spravodlivosti a rovnosti v spolo\u010dnosti. Od vl\u00e1dcov sa o\u010dak\u00e1va, \u017ee sa bud\u00fa stara\u0165 o blaho svojho \u013eudu a vl\u00e1dnu\u0165 spravodlivo a mor\u00e1lne. Na str\u00e1nke . <em>Konfucianizmus<\/em> podporuje my\u0161lienku, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u00e1 mo\u017enos\u0165 mor\u00e1lneho zdokonalenia bez oh\u013eadu na svoje soci\u00e1lne postavenie.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zlat\u00e1 cesta (Zhongyong)<\/strong>Str\u00e1nka <em>Zhongyong<\/em> (\"stred\" alebo \"zlat\u00e1 cesta\") opisuje snahu o vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00fd \u017eivot. Ide o vyh\u00fdbanie sa extr\u00e9mom a h\u013eadanie strednej cesty. T\u00e1to my\u0161lienka sa odr\u00e1\u017ea v predstave, \u017ee \u013eudia by mali vo v\u0161etkom zachov\u00e1va\u0165 striedmos\u0165, aby si zachovali vn\u00fatorn\u00fa harm\u00f3niu a vonkaj\u0161\u00ed poriadok.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Shintoismus\"><\/span>\u0160intoizmus<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Na <em>\u0160intoizmus<\/em> sa hl\u00e1sia pribli\u017ene 3... 4 mili\u00f3ny \u013eud\u00ed, najm\u00e4 v Japonsku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mnoh\u00ed \u013eudia v Japonsku praktizuj\u00fa \u0161intoistick\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly bez toho, aby sa nevyhnutne pova\u017eovali za \"<em>\u0160intoisti<\/em>\", preto\u017ee <em>\u0160intoizmus<\/em> sa \u010dasto prel\u00edna s ka\u017edodenn\u00fdmi kult\u00farnymi trad\u00edciami a sl\u00e1vnos\u0165ami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hoci <em>\u0160intoizmus<\/em> Hoci japonsk\u00e1 komunita dominuje v Japonsku, existuj\u00fa aj men\u0161ie komunity a praktizuj\u00faci v in\u00fdch \u010dastiach sveta, najm\u00e4 v regi\u00f3noch s japonskou diasp\u00f3rou. Na str\u00e1nke . <em>\u0160intoizmus<\/em> nie je evanjeliza\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo, a preto nie je v\u00fdrazne roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9 mimo Japonska.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Str\u00e1nka <em>\u0160intoizmus<\/em> je p\u00f4vodn\u00fdm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvom Japonska a zah\u0155\u0148a r\u00f4zne viery a praktiky, ktor\u00e9 sa s\u00fastre\u010fuj\u00fa na uctievanie <em>Kami<\/em> (duchovn\u00e9 bytosti alebo bohovia) a spojenie s pr\u00edrodou a predkami. Je to polyteistick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo, ktor\u00e9 nem\u00e1 pevne stanoven\u00e9 dogmy ani sv\u00e4t\u00e9 p\u00edsmo v tradi\u010dnom zmysle. Tu s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 viery <em>\u0160intoizmus<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><strong>Kami<\/strong><\/strong>: <em>Kami<\/em> s\u00fa \u00fastredn\u00fdmi duchovn\u00fdmi bytos\u0165ami v <em>\u0160intoizmus<\/em>. M\u00f4\u017eeme ich ch\u00e1pa\u0165 ako bohov, duchov, predkov alebo pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 sily, ako s\u00fa hory, rieky, stromy a zvierat\u00e1. <em>Kami<\/em> predstavuj\u00fa bo\u017estvo a s\u00fa pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 vo v\u0161etkom \u017eivom a v pr\u00edrode. Nie s\u00fa nevyhnutne nadprirodzen\u00e9 v klasickom zmysle, ale s\u00fa prejavom tvorivej alebo posv\u00e4tnej energie, ktor\u00e1 p\u00f4sob\u00ed vo svete.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Harm\u00f3nia s pr\u00edrodou<\/strong>Str\u00e1nka <em>\u0160intoizmus<\/em> kladie ve\u013ek\u00fd d\u00f4raz na harm\u00f3niu s pr\u00edrodou a \u00factu k pr\u00edrode. Ver\u00ed sa, \u017ee \u013eudia \u017eij\u00fa v \u00fazkom spojen\u00ed s pr\u00edrodou a uctievanie pr\u00edrody a jej prvkov je \u00fastrednou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou <em>\u0160intoistick\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly<\/em>. Mnoh\u00e9 \u0161intoistick\u00e9 sv\u00e4tyne (domy kami) s\u00fa postaven\u00e9 v pr\u00edrode, napr\u00edklad v lesoch, pri riekach alebo na hor\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u010cistota<\/strong>V <em>\u0160intoizmus<\/em> \u010distota je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd pojem. Zne\u010distenie a po\u0161kvrnenie (fyzick\u00e9 aj duchovn\u00e9) sa pova\u017euje za naru\u0161enie vz\u0165ahu s kami. O\u010dis\u0165ovacie ritu\u00e1ly, ako je um\u00fdvanie r\u00fak a \u00fast (napr\u00edklad pred vstupom do sv\u00e4tyne), s\u00fa preto be\u017enou praxou. \u010cistota sa tie\u017e pova\u017euje za sp\u00f4sob zachovania sp\u00e1sy du\u0161e a \u017eivota v harm\u00f3nii s kami.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Uctievanie predkov<\/strong>V <em>\u0160intoizmus<\/em> sa kladie ve\u013ek\u00fd d\u00f4raz na uctievanie predkov. Predkovia s\u00fa uctievan\u00ed ako kami, ktor\u00ed chr\u00e1nia blaho rodiny a dom\u00e1cnosti. Uctievanie predkov je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou mnoh\u00fdch <em>\u0160intoistick\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly<\/em>najm\u00e4 vo forme olt\u00e1rnych obradov a modlitieb, v ktor\u00fdch sa \u017eiada o ochranu a po\u017eehnanie predkov.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ritu\u00e1ly a festivaly<\/strong>Str\u00e1nka <em>\u0160intoizmus<\/em> zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje v\u00fdznam ritu\u00e1lnych \u00fakonov a sl\u00e1vnost\u00ed na z\u00edskanie priazne kami a posilnenie komunity. Tieto ritu\u00e1ly zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa modlitby, obety, tance a sl\u00e1vnosti, ktor\u00e9 sa konaj\u00fa v r\u00f4znych obdobiach roka. Zn\u00e1mym pr\u00edkladom je novoro\u010dn\u00fd festival (Shogatsu), ktor\u00fd sa oslavuje obradmi v <em>\u0160intoistick\u00e9 sv\u00e4tyne<\/em> sa oslavuje.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u017diadne pevn\u00e9 vyznanie viery<\/strong>Str\u00e1nka <em>\u0160intoizmus<\/em> nem\u00e1 pevn\u00fa vieru ani sv\u00e4t\u00e9 p\u00edsmo, ako je to v in\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1ch. Namiesto toho s\u00fa to ritu\u00e1ly, ktor\u00e9 charakterizuj\u00fa n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fa prax, a sk\u00fasenosti veriacich, ktor\u00e9 tvoria vieru. <em>\u0160intoizmus<\/em> sa \u010dasto pova\u017euje za praktick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvo, ktor\u00e9 kladie d\u00f4raz na skutky a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fa prax.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Kami v ka\u017edodennom \u017eivote<\/strong>Kami sa nenach\u00e1dza len na n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch miestach, ale aj v ka\u017edodennom \u017eivote. <em>\u0160intoistick\u00e9 sv\u00e4tyne<\/em> existuj\u00fa v\u0161ade v Japonsku a mnoh\u00ed \u013eudia sa tam modlia za ochranu, zdravie a \u0161\u0165astie. Mnoh\u00e9 dom\u00e1cnosti maj\u00fa mal\u00fd olt\u00e1r na uctievanie kami a pri d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdch \u017eivotn\u00fdch udalostiach, ako s\u00fa narodenie, svadba a smr\u0165, sa konaj\u00fa ritu\u00e1ly.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u017diadny koncept vyk\u00fapenia<\/strong>Na rozdiel od mnoh\u00fdch z\u00e1padn\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstiev, v <em>\u0160intoizmus<\/em> \u017eiadna konkr\u00e9tna predstava sp\u00e1sy alebo posmrtn\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Namiesto toho sa zameriava na \u017eivot v harm\u00f3nii s pr\u00edrodou a <em>Kami<\/em> a dobr\u00fd \u017eivot tu a teraz. Dlhovekos\u0165 a dosiahnutie \u0161\u0165astia sa pova\u017euj\u00fa za odmenu za re\u0161pektovanie <em>Kami<\/em> a pre \u017eivot v \u010distote.<\/li>\n<\/ol>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u010cas \u010d\u00edtania<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 22<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">z\u00e1pisnice<\/span><\/span>Najzn\u00e1mej\u0161ie svetov\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1 s\u00fa islam, hinduizmus, budhizmus, judaizmus, sikhizmus, bah\u00e1jska viera, taoizmus, konfucianizmus a \u0161intoizmus, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa stru\u010dne op\u00edsan\u00e9 ni\u017e\u0161ie. Okrem kres\u0165anstva, ktor\u00e9 m\u00e1 na celom svete pribli\u017ene 2,3 miliardy st\u00fapencov, existuje dev\u00e4\u0165 \u010fal\u0161\u00edch ve\u013ek\u00fdch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstiev (v zostupnom porad\u00ed pod\u013ea po\u010dtu): Islam Islam m\u00e1 na celom svete pribli\u017ene 1,9 miliardy st\u00fapencov. Islam je tak druh\u00fdm najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1bo\u017eenstvom na svete. Na druhom mieste sa nach\u00e1dza...&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/blog\/2025\/01\/21\/weltreligionen\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">\u010c\u00edta\u0165 viac \"<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Svetov\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00e1<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4085],"tags":[4253,4211,4254,4232,4104,4140,4133,4242,4243,4215,4186,1886,4205,4153,4103,4087,4097,1899,4170,4173,4157,4227,4228,1791,4255,4091,4088,4210,4167,4187,4229,4238,4233,4115,1805,4162,1845,4100,4125,1925,4151,4249,4109,4248,4155,4256,4182,4142,4128,1800,4218,4149,4137,4172,4145,4235,4222,1879,4223,4224,4190,4159,4095,4094,4209,4099,1935,4251,1801,4144,4174,4203,4213,4199,4150,4246,4225,4204,4105,4183,1885,1884,1856,4152,1927,4139,1897,4113,1859,4106,4092,4093,4197,4101,4191,4147,4240,4245,4212,4102,4096,4138,4207,4247,4181,4206,4107,4126,4123,4230,4141,4234,4175,4136,4166,4188,4130,1857,4239,4135,4161,4129,4090,4220,4180,4127,4086,4198,4110,4214,4217,4089,4119,4208,4237,4202,4221,4121,4143,4163,1878,4148,4179,4236,4176,4169,4231,4196,4219,4252,4122,4132,4165],"class_list":["post-8971","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-themen-von-lesern-angeregt","tag-abraham","tag-adam","tag-aegypten","tag-ahnen","tag-allah","tag-allahs-wille","tag-almosen","tag-anatta","tag-anicca","tag-anstrengung","tag-arbeiter","tag-arjuna","tag-asien","tag-atman","tag-australien","tag-bahai-glaube","tag-bangladesch","tag-befreiung","tag-bhagavad-gita","tag-bhakti","tag-brahman","tag-brahmane","tag-brahmanen","tag-buddhismus","tag-bund-mose","tag-christentum","tag-daoismus","tag-david","tag-dharma","tag-diener","tag-diwali","tag-dukkha","tag-durga","tag-einheit-gottes","tag-engel","tag-erhalter","tag-erleuchtung","tag-europa","tag-evangelium","tag-fasten","tag-fidschi","tag-frankreich","tag-fuenf-saeulen-des-islam","tag-fuenf-silas","tag-gebet","tag-gebote","tag-gelehrte","tag-gemeinschaft","tag-glaubensbekenntnis","tag-gott","tag-gottheiten","tag-grossbritannien","tag-hajj","tag-hatha","tag-heiliger-krieg","tag-himalaya","tag-hindu","tag-hinduismus","tag-hindus","tag-hingabe","tag-holi","tag-immanent","tag-indien","tag-indonesien","tag-injil","tag-iran","tag-islam","tag-israel","tag-jesus","tag-jihad","tag-jnana","tag-judentum","tag-juengste-tag","tag-kambodscha","tag-kanada","tag-karuna","tag-kasten","tag-konfuzianismus","tag-koran","tag-krieger","tag-krishna","tag-mahabharata","tag-mahayana","tag-mauritius","tag-meditation","tag-mekka","tag-moksha","tag-monotheistisch","tag-mose","tag-muhammad","tag-muslim","tag-muslime","tag-myanmar","tag-naher-osten","tag-navaratri","tag-nepal","tag-nirodha","tag-nirwana","tag-noah","tag-nordamerika","tag-pakistan","tag-pilgerfahrt-nach-mekka","tag-polytheistisch","tag-prajna","tag-priester","tag-prohet","tag-prophet","tag-propheten","tag-psalmen","tag-puja","tag-qadar","tag-radha","tag-raja","tag-ramadan","tag-reinkarnation","tag-rituale","tag-salat","tag-samsara","tag-samudaya","tag-sawm","tag-schoepfer","tag-shahada","tag-shintoismus","tag-shiva","tag-shudras","tag-siegel-der-propheten","tag-sikhismus","tag-sri-lanka","tag-sunniten","tag-tag-des-gerichts","tag-tanszendent","tag-taoismus","tag-taurat","tag-tawhid","tag-theravada","tag-tibet","tag-tod","tag-torah","tag-umma","tag-unsterbliche-seele","tag-upanishaden","tag-usa","tag-vaishyas","tag-vajrayana","tag-varna","tag-veden","tag-verehrung","tag-vietnam","tag-vishnu","tag-volk-israel","tag-zabur","tag-zakat","tag-zerstoerer"],"modified_by":"Achim Goerner","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8971","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8971"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8971\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8971"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8971"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8971"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}