{"id":7072,"date":"2024-04-05T19:28:39","date_gmt":"2024-04-05T19:28:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/?p=7072"},"modified":"2024-05-03T08:26:07","modified_gmt":"2024-05-03T08:26:07","slug":"inverter-in-pravi-sinusni-val","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sl\/blog\/2024\/04\/05\/wechselrichter-und-echter-sinus\/","title":{"rendered":"Inverter in \"pravi\" sinusni val"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_86 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Vsebina<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sl\/blog\/2024\/04\/05\/wechselrichter-und-echter-sinus\/#Sinus_%E2%80%93_Netzspannung\" >Sinusna omre\u017ena napetost<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sl\/blog\/2024\/04\/05\/wechselrichter-und-echter-sinus\/#Sinus_%E2%80%93_APC_USV_Back_Pro_1500\" >Sinusi - APC UPS Back Pro 1500<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sl\/blog\/2024\/04\/05\/wechselrichter-und-echter-sinus\/#Sinus_%E2%80%93_Victron_Multiplus_II\" >Sinusi - Victron Multiplus II<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sl\/blog\/2024\/04\/05\/wechselrichter-und-echter-sinus\/#Messung\" >Merjenje<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sl\/blog\/2024\/04\/05\/wechselrichter-und-echter-sinus\/#Vorgehensweise\" >Postopek<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sl\/blog\/2024\/04\/05\/wechselrichter-und-echter-sinus\/#Kalibrierung\" >Kalibracija<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sl\/blog\/2024\/04\/05\/wechselrichter-und-echter-sinus\/#Teilerverhaltnis_am_Tastkopf_einstellen\" >Nastavite razmerje delilnika na sondi<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sl\/blog\/2024\/04\/05\/wechselrichter-und-echter-sinus\/#Oszilloskop-Einstellungen\" >Nastavitve osciloskopa<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sl\/blog\/2024\/04\/05\/wechselrichter-und-echter-sinus\/#Unterschied_AC_DC_coupling\" >Razlika AC\/DC sklopka<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sl\/blog\/2024\/04\/05\/wechselrichter-und-echter-sinus\/#Messung-2\" >Merjenje<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u010cas branja<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 3<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minute<\/span><\/span>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Inverter (<em>Angle\u0161\u010dina<\/em>. ), zlasti \"poceni\", se pogosto ogla\u0161ujejo s \"pravim\" sinusnim valom. Pravi sinusni val je \u0161e posebej pomemben za stikalne napajalnike. Bolj ali manj zaobljen kvadratni val je te\u017eava za komponente stikalnih napajalnikov in jih lahko dolgoro\u010dno celo uni\u010di.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Izhodna mo\u010d pretvornika ne sme presegati 20 % zmogljivosti baterije pri 12 V DC in 10 % pri 24 V DC. Primer: 1 000 W mo\u010di inverterja * 0,2 = 200 Ah zmogljivosti baterije.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sinus_%E2%80%93_Netzspannung\"><\/span>Sinusna omre\u017ena napetost<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Omre\u017ena napetost je obi\u010dajno 230 V pri frekvenci 50 Hz. Omre\u017ena frekvenca pomeni, da se napetost 50-krat na sekundo izmenjuje med najni\u017ejo in najvi\u0161jo vrednostjo okoli ni\u010delne \u010drte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Naslednji diagram prikazuje sinusno krivuljo omre\u017ene napetosti.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Sinus.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7076\" srcset=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Sinus.png 800w, https:\/\/csiag.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Sinus-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/csiag.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Sinus-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/csiag.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Sinus-768x461.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:34px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Opazno je, da je enota za merjenje nastavljena na 200 V (na sliki spodaj levo). Zato dve polji predstavljata 400 V. Vrh krivulje predstavlja <em>U\u010dinkovita vrednost<\/em> nazivne napetosti 230 V in je vizualno nekaj ve\u010d kot eno in pol \u0161katle, kar ustreza pribli\u017eno 300 V ali natanko <em>325 V<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sinus_%E2%80%93_APC_USV_Back_Pro_1500\"><\/span>Sinusi - APC UPS Back Pro 1500<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">APC je priznani proizvajalec virov neprekinjenega napajanja (UPS), <em>Angle\u0161\u010dina<\/em>. UPS). Zato se domneva, da ti ustvarjajo pravilen sinusni val, zlasti ker se obi\u010dajno uporabljajo za za\u0161\u010dito ra\u010dunalnikov pred izpadi elektri\u010dne energije.<br>Njihov preklopni \u010das je pribli\u017eno 18 ms, kar zadostuje za za\u0161\u010dito ra\u010dunalnikov pred nenadzorovanim izklopom. Tako prenosni kot stacionarni ra\u010dunalniki delujejo s stikalnimi napajalniki.<br>Ker se ve\u010dinoma uporabljajo z omre\u017enim napajanjem, je \u010das delovanja s premostitvijo UPS komajda pomemben, zato je pribli\u017eni sinusni val sprejemljiv, \u010deprav - pravzaprav - ni za\u017eelen. Zato - \u017eal - ni na voljo pravega sinusnega vala.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:34px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Pseudo_Sinus.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7075\" srcset=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Pseudo_Sinus.png 800w, https:\/\/csiag.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Pseudo_Sinus-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/csiag.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Pseudo_Sinus-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/csiag.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Pseudo_Sinus-768x461.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:0px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:34px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sinus_%E2%80%93_Victron_Multiplus_II\"><\/span>Sinusi - Victron Multiplus II<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Inverter <em>Victron Multiplus II<\/em> in sorodni modeli so namenjeni za stalno napajanje porabnikov, vklju\u010dno z ra\u010dunalniki. Tako kot zgoraj omenjeni UPS APC imajo enako kratek \u010das preklopa, zato lahko delujejo tudi kot UPS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ker je glede na zmogljivost baterije to lahko dejansko stalno napajanje za stikalne napajalnike, se tukaj osredoto\u010damo predvsem na dejanski - pravi - sinusni val.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Messung\"><\/span>Merjenje<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u010ce \u017eelite sami izmeriti sinusni val svojega inverterja in imate osciloskop, lahko ogla\u0161evalske trditve preverite v \u017eivo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:34px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>! - <strong>Pozor - !<\/strong><br>Delo z napetostmi, vi\u0161jimi od 50 voltov, je lahko \u017eivljenjsko nevarno, \u010de ne upo\u0161tevate splo\u0161nih varnostnih predpisov.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:34px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vorgehensweise\"><\/span>Postopek<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kalibrierung\"><\/span>Kalibracija<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vsak merilni vhod je treba umeriti in prilagoditi uporabljeni sondi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Osciloskop v ta namen zagotavlja izhod s fiksno frekvenco. Po priklju\u010ditvi vti\u010da BNC z glave sonde na \u017eeleni vhod za merjenje je konica sonde povezana z u\u0161escem fiksnega frekven\u010dnega izhoda, krokodilska sponka pa z ozemljitvenim priklju\u010dkom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na strani priklju\u010dka sonde je majhna luknjica, skozi katero lahko vstavite plasti\u010dni nastavitveni izvija\u010d, ki je prilo\u017een konici sonde, in z rahlim obra\u010danjem v eno ali drugo smer nastavite \u010dist kvadratni valovni signal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Teilerverhaltnis_am_Tastkopf_einstellen\"><\/span>Nastavite razmerje delilnika na sondi<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sondo osciloskopa osvobodimo iz vti\u010dnega ozemljitvenega priklju\u010dka (obi\u010dajno ima na koncu krokodilsko sponko). Potrebna je samo konica sonde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sonda mora biti sposobna preklopiti iz <em>1 x<\/em> na spletni strani . <em>10 x<\/em> to omogo\u010dajo. To je razmerje delitve. Ker ima 230 V skupno efektivno napetost 650 V (na podlagi najmanj\u0161e in najve\u010dje vrednosti), vhodi osciloskopskih signalov pa so obi\u010dajno zasnovani le za najve\u010d 400 Vp (maksimalnih voltov), je delilno razmerje s preklopom na 10x nastavljeno na 10:1. V skladu s tem merilni vhod nima 650 V, temve\u010d 65 V, kar je znotraj dovoljenih vrednosti napetosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Oszilloskop-Einstellungen\"><\/span>Nastavitve osciloskopa<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Na osciloskopu je obmo\u010dje vhodne napetosti nastavljeno na <em>200 V<\/em> , povezava signala z <em>AC<\/em> in razmerje delitelja do <em>10 x<\/em> set.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Unterschied_AC_DC_coupling\"><\/span>Razlika AC\/DC sklopka<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pri zaposlovanju <em>AC sklopka<\/em> se odstrani enosmerna napetost in prika\u017ee se samo izmeni\u010dna napetost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pri zaposlovanju <em>Povezava z enosmernim tokom<\/em> se enosmerna komponenta napetosti uporabi kot zamik za izmeni\u010dno komponento napetosti, ki se na osi y prika\u017ee za to vrednost vi\u0161je.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Messung-2\"><\/span>Merjenje<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Najprej se faza dolo\u010di z napetostnim testerjem (izvija\u010d z \u017earilno svetilko, znan tudi kot \"le\u017ee\u010di zati\u010d\"). Nanj se priklju\u010di priklju\u010dena sonda. Prika\u017ee se sinusni signal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nekateri osciloskopi omogo\u010dajo tudi prekrivni prikaz vseh izmerjenih vrednosti, ki izhajajo iz uporabljenega signala, kot je prikazano na naslednji sliki:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:34px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\" src=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Messdaten.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7078\" srcset=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Messdaten.png 800w, https:\/\/csiag.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Messdaten-18x12.png 18w, https:\/\/csiag.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Messdaten-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/csiag.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Messdaten-768x461.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u010cas branja<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 3<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">minute<\/span><\/span>Za inverterje, zlasti za \"poceni\", se pogosto ogla\u0161uje, da imajo \"pravi\" sinusni val. Pravi sinusni val je \u0161e posebej pomemben za stikalne napajalnike. Bolj ali manj zaobljen kvadratni val je te\u017eava za komponente stikalnih napajalnikov in jih lahko dolgoro\u010dno celo uni\u010di. Menja\u010d mora imeti najve\u010djo izhodno mo\u010d pribli\u017eno 20 % pri 12 V enosmernega toka in najve\u010djo izhodno mo\u010d...&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sl\/blog\/2024\/04\/05\/wechselrichter-und-echter-sinus\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Preberi ve\u010d \"<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Inverter in \"pravi\" sinusni val<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1757,2878,3210,3209,1582],"tags":[839,429,3228,3229,3216,840,3224,3225,3217,1295,540,3226,3211,1289,3218,3215,3227,3214,2442,3212,3213,3221,3220,3223,3222,1583,430,519,529,3219],"class_list":["post-7072","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-elektrotechnik","category-messtechnik","category-ups","category-usv","category-wechselrichter","tag-ac","tag-apc","tag-bnc","tag-bnc-stecker","tag-coupling","tag-dc","tag-effektivspannung","tag-festfrequenz-ausgang","tag-gleichspannungs-anteil","tag-inverter","tag-kalibrierung","tag-messeingang","tag-multiplus","tag-multiplus-ii-2","tag-offset","tag-oszilloskop","tag-phase","tag-schaltnetzteil","tag-signal","tag-sinus","tag-sinuskurve","tag-spannungspruefer","tag-tastkopf","tag-teilerverhaeltnis","tag-teilungsverhaeltnis","tag-ups","tag-usv","tag-victron","tag-wechselrichter","tag-wechselspannungs-anteil"],"modified_by":"Achim Goerner","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7072","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7072"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7072\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7072"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7072"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/csiag.eu\/sl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7072"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}